Methods and systems for sharing risk responses to improve the functioning of mobile communications devices

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are provided for sharing security risk information between collections of computing devices, such as mobile communications devices, to improve the functioning of devices associated with the collections. The methods and systems disclosed may share security risk information by identifying a security risk response by a first collection and then providing the security risk response to a second collection when a relationship database profile for the first collection indicates the security response may be shared with the second collection. Methods and systems are also provided for determining whether to allow a request from an originating device where the request may have been initiated by a remote device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SHARING RISKRESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES,” filedon Dec. 17, 2015. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled“METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OFMOBILE COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is acontinuation-in-part of: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/473,917,entitled “SECURITY STATUS ASSESSMENT USING MOBILE DEVICE SECURITYINFORMATION DATABASE,” filed on Aug. 29, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,245,119, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/790,402, entitled “EVENT-BASED SECURITY STATE ASSESSMENT AND DISPLAYFOR MOBILE DEVICES,” filed on Mar. 8, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,826,441,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/267,731,entitled “SECURITY STATUS AND INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM,” filed on Oct.6, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,510,843, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/255,635, entitled “SECURITY STATUS ANDINFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No.8,060,936, which are all incorporated by reference in their entirety.U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS ANDSYSTEMS FOR SHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/634,115,entitled “ASSESSING A SECURITY STATE OF A MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS DEVICETO DETERMINE ACCESS TO SPECIFIC TASKS,” filed on Feb. 27, 2015, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,407,640, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/034,320, entitled “ASSESSING THE SECURITY STATE OF A MOBILECOMMUNICATION DEVICE,” filed on Sep. 23, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.8,997,181, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/742,110, entitled “ENFORCING SECURITY BASED ON A SECURITY STATEASSESSMENT OF A MOBILE DEVICE,” filed on Jan. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,561,144, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 13/314,032, entitled “PROVIDING ACCESS LEVELS TO SERVICES BASED ONMOBILE DEVICE SECURITY STATE,” filed on Dec. 7, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No.8,365,252, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,632, entitled “SECURE MOBILE PLATFORM SYSTEM,” filed on Oct. 21,2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,087,067, which are all incorporated byreference in their entirety. U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/973,636, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SHARING RISK RESPONSESBETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17,2015, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/455,787, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACK AND MALWAREPREVENTION,” filed on Aug. 8, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,223,973, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/741,988,entitled “EVALUATING WHETHER DATA IS SAFE OR MALICIOUS,” filed on Jan.15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,881,292, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/333,654, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORATTACK AND MALWARE PREVENTION,” filed on Dec. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,381,303, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACK AND MALWAREPREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,108,933, whichare all incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FORSHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSDEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/318,450, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORCREATING AND APPLYING CATEGORIZATION-BASED POLICY TO SECURE A MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICE FROM ACCESS TO CERTAIN DATA OBJECTS,” filed onJun. 27, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,294,500, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/689,588, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHODFOR PREVENTING MALWARE ON A MOBILE COMMUNICATION DEVICE,” filed on Nov.29, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,875,289, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/868,669, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORSERVER-COUPLED MALWARE PREVENTION,” filed on Aug. 25, 2010, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,347,386, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACKAND MALWARE PREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No.8,108,933, which are all incorporated by reference in their entirety.U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS ANDSYSTEMS FOR SHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/688,292,entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ASSESSING AN APPLICATION BASED ON DATAFROM MULTIPLE DEVICES,” filed on Apr. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No.9,344,431, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/958,434, entitled “ASSESSING AN APPLICATION BASED ON APPLICATION DATAASSOCIATED WITH THE APPLICATION,” filed on Aug. 2, 2013, now U.S. Pat.No. 9,100,389, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/868,672, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SECURITY DATA COLLECTIONAND ANALYSIS,” filed on Aug. 25, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,533,844,which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACK AND MALWAREPREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,108,933, whichare all incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FORSHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSDEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/896,852, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORASSESSING AN APPLICATION TO BE INSTALLED ON A MOBILE COMMUNICATIONDEVICE,” filed on May 17, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/868,676, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MOBILECOMMUNICATION DEVICE APPLICATION ADVISEMENT,” filed on Aug. 25, 2010,now U.S. Pat. No. 9,367,680, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORATTACK AND MALWARE PREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat.No. 8,108,933, which are all incorporated by reference in theirentirety. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODSAND SYSTEMS FOR SHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS DEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/611,063,entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING A MOBILE APPLICATION LIKELYTO ADVERSELY AFFECT NETWORK PERFORMANCE,” filed on Jan. 30, 2015, whichis a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/033,025,entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ADVERSE MOBILE APPLICATIONIDENTIFICATION,” filed on Feb. 23, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,984,628,which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/868,669, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SERVER-COUPLED MALWAREPREVENTION,” filed on Aug. 25, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,347,386, whichis a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACK AND MALWAREPREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,108,933, whichare all incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FORSHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSDEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/335,779, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORA SCANNING API,” filed on Dec. 22, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,235,704,which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/868,676, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION DEVICEAPPLICATION ADVISEMENT,” filed on Aug. 25, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No.9,367,680, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACK AND MALWAREPREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,108,933, whichare all incorporated by reference in their entirety. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/973,636, entitled “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FORSHARING RISK RESPONSES BETWEEN COLLECTIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSDEVICES,” filed on Dec. 17, 2015, is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/692,669, entitled “COMPARING APPLICATIONSAND ASSESSING DIFFERENCES,” filed on Apr. 21, 2015, which is adivisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/484,132, entitled “CRAWLINGMULTIPLE MARKETS AND CORRELATING,” filed on May 30, 2012, now U.S. Pat.No. 9,043,919, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/868,672, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORSECURITY DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS,” filed on Aug. 25, 2010, now U.S.Pat. No. 8,533,844, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACKAND MALWARE PREVENTION,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No.8,108,933, which are all incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The present application is related to the following U.S. patentapplications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/313,937, entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A MOBILE CROSS-PLATFORM SOFTWARE SYSTEM,” filedon Dec. 7, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,271,608, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,626, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHODFOR A MOBILE CROSS-PLATFORM SOFTWARE SYSTEM,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008,now U.S. Pat. No. 8,099,472; U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/742,173, entitled “SERVER-ASSISTED ANALYSIS OF DATA FOR A MOBILEDEVICE,” filed on Jan. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,683,593; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/284,248, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FORMONITORING AND ANALYZING MULTIPLE INTERFACES AND MULTIPLE PROTOCOLS,”filed on Oct. 28, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,505,095; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/919,901, entitled “ANALYZING DATA GATHEREDTHROUGH DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS,” filed on Jun. 17, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.9,065,846, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,614, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING AND ANALYZINGMULTIPLE INTERFACES AND MULTIPLE PROTOCOLS,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,051,480; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/461,984,entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SERVER-COUPLED APPLICATION RE-ANALYSISTO OBTAIN TRUST, DISTRIBUTION AND RATINGS ASSESSMENT,” filed on May 2,2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,752,176; U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/461,054, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SERVER-COUPLED APPLICATIONRE-ANALYSIS TO OBTAIN CHARACTERIZATION ASSESSMENT,” filed on May 1,2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,745,739; and U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/460,549, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SERVER-COUPLED APPLICATIONRE-ANALYSIS,” filed on Apr. 30, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,544,095; whichare all incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to network security, and morespecifically, to the sharing of risk information and to evaluating theorigins of access requests.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mobile devices such as cell phones and personal digital assistants(PDAs) can be attacked by exploits or viruses that are specificallyadapted for the mobile environment. Exploits can take advantage ofsecurity vulnerabilities associated with a mobile device in order toexecute malicious code or perform undesired actions on the device.Potentially, exploits can bypass permissions or policies set by theuser, manufacturer, operating system, or mobile operator and give theattacker complete control of the device. Mobile viruses are typicallyspread by downloading infected programs or files. Some viruses onlybecome active if the recipient chooses to accept the virus file and runit on the mobile device. Other viruses, when combined with exploits, areself-propagating worms that may not need user intervention in order tospread, potentially creating a very severe and widespread securityproblem.

Devices may be compromised by viruses and exploits over wide areanetworks, such as the Internet or a cellular network, and local wirelessnetworks, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. For example, some devices whichare equipped with Bluetooth allow other nearby Bluetooth-enabled devicesto transfer files or other data such as contact information.Bluetooth-enabled devices that are infected with viruses often searchfor nearby devices that are in “discoverable” mode. When an infecteddevice discovers a target, it may send a virus disguised as a securityupdate or another item designed to fool the target device's user intoaccepting the transfer and executing the virus. If a virus were toutilize an exploit instead of disguising itself in order to get a targetuser to accept the file transfer, a device which is in “discoverable”mode could become infected without the user being able to intervene.

In addition to being able to propagate viruses, exploits may be able todirectly perform malicious actions on vulnerable devices. Such exploitsmay be used by attackers to steal information, charge money to thetarget device's phone bill, or prevent a device from functioningproperly. Although vulnerabilities which take advantage of exploits maybe fixed if the software vendor responsible for the vulnerabilityprovides a patch or firmware upgrade, such fixes are often costly andtime consuming to release and difficult for users or IT organizations toapply.

It is important that both individual users and IT organization be ableto verify that their security protection is functioning properly and beaware of the security state of their devices so as to be able toremediate or investigate issues as early as possible. If a device orgroup of devices has a security problem or has recently been attacked,the user or administrator responsible may not immediately know becausemobile devices and existing solutions may not continuously presentsecurity status information and attempt to push important events tousers and administrators.

What is needed is a system and method for identifying, reporting, andpreventing mobile security problems and for providing securityinformation concerning the state of a mobile device or group of mobiledevices to a user or administrator. The system and method should keepusers or administrators continuously aware of security status, recentsecurity-related events, and potential security threats withoutrequiring them to repeatedly seek out security-related information.

Because of inherent security concerns, mobile communications devicessuch as mobile phones, PDAs, and smartphones have yet to provide thesame breadth of trusted connectivity found on desktop and laptopcomputer platforms. For example, mobile device users are less likely toaccess confidential information and/or perform financial transactionswith a mobile communications device because such devices are notsufficiently secure. Similarly, service providers such as banks, onlinepayment services and providers of confidential information are lesslikely to offer access to their services through mobile communicationsdevices. As a result, mobile communications device users are limited bythe types and availability of many online services. This is becausepresent methods for securing mobile communications devices do notcontemplate many ways users may wish to access online services andonline service providers, and are therefore inadequate for providing asecure platform for access to and from online services or serviceproviders.

Previous methods for securing mobile communications devices focus on anall-or-nothing approach. Access to or from the mobile device is eithergranted or not granted based upon whether the device meets certainstandards, possesses certain configurations, or adheres to certainpolicy rules. If the device passes these standards, access is granted.If the device is deficient in any way, access is denied. Such anapproach does not consider the types or levels of access required bycertain service providers, nor does this approach contemplate thesecurity and repair capabilities of the device itself. Indeed, prior artsecurity systems and methods ignore the recent activity of the mobiledevice in relation to its overall security state. Furthermore, prior artsecurity systems are typically limited to authorizing access to a givennetwork, making them unsuitable for controlling access and access levelsto services and service providers based on a device's security state.

What is therefore needed is a system and method for providing securityfor mobile communications devices that considers the security state ofthe device and provides a platform for integrating with services andservice providers.

The mobile market has grown significantly in the last few years. As newmobile communications devices come to market, each offers new sets ofhardware features that are attractive and useful to consumers.Unfortunately, software development for mobile communications deviceshas not kept pace with hardware development. This is because each mobilecommunications device will often use a different operating system,software platform, or set of application program interfaces (“APIs”),even if each mobile communications device is made from the samemanufacturer. Additionally, each mobile communications service provideror carrier will often customize the performance, configuration, andinterface for each device that it services. As a result, there is widedivergence between the software platforms and software development formobile communications devices.

In order to unify the different software platforms available for mobilecommunications devices in a market where there are numerousmanufacturers and providers, there has been some effort to developcross-platform solutions. Cross-platform refers to operating systems orsoftware applications that are designed to work on multiple platformswithout requiring significant changes to the underlying software code.In general, cross-platform architecture is more common and more easilyimplemented on desktop computing platforms due to the availability ofmemory and processing resources and the standardization of interfaces oneach type of platform. Desktop cross-platform systems do not transferwell to mobile devices that lack these resources. Instead,cross-platform developers will sacrifice or adopt differentmethodologies in order to provide a system that is powerful enough tohandle different applications across as many platforms as possible,while maintaining a low memory footprint.

The typical cross-platform system will comprise a component or modulethat is platform-independent, a component or module that isplatform-specific, and an abstraction layer that may be utilized byeither of the other components. These components or modules aregenerally software-based, but are designed to incorporate thecommonalities and unique differences of the hardware upon which they areinstalled. Each component will communicate with others using its ownAPI. This presents a problem in not having a uniform API for developersto use. In order to provide compatibility on as many devices aspossible, developers will abstract the underlying platform such that thevarious differences are not apparent. For example, the abstractionlayer's API is often designed to be general and non-specific to theplatform upon which it operates or the functionality it is being used toimplement. Additionally or alternatively, the cross-platform system mayincorporate a powerful all-inclusive abstraction layer that providessome functionality that is duplicated between platforms, therebyimplementing a general, multi-purpose layer. As such, the “powerful”abstraction layer is designed to account for all of the differentfeatures and desired functionalities implemented by utilizing thatlayer. While in theory, this provides some cross-platform features forarbitrary types of software, in reality, low-level features that requirefull integration with a device's operating system are ignored, sincethis type of abstraction layer design tends to isolate platform-specificand platform-independent components. Further, building such anall-inclusive abstraction layer requires a large body of software code,which can be difficult to manage when maintaining platform abstractionlayers for different platforms. What is therefore needed is a way todevelop and build a cross-platform system that provides both high andlow-level mobile device integration without taxing mobile deviceresources. What is further needed is a cross-platform system that may beimplemented on any mobile communications device, regardless ofmanufacturer or service provider. What is also needed is a morelightweight abstraction layer that does not compromise power orfunctionality.

Because of the design of previous cross-platform systems and methods,the testing or quality assurance (“QA”) of these systems is tedious anddifficult. Each platform-specific component must be tested. Changes tothe code for the different components require writing new testing codeto evaluate these new changes. What is therefore needed is a moreefficient way to test the cross-platform system.

Currently, there are multiple mobile device operating systems that eachcannot run software built for other operating systems. As such,developers must build software specifically for a mobile deviceoperating system, and therefore the mobile software market is said to be“fragmented.” Recently, there has been some effort to create commonoperating system environments for emerging mobile communicationsdevices. For example, Google® and the Mobile Handset Alliance. havedeveloped a mobile communications device platform and operating systemcalled Android™. Other common operating systems such as Windows Mobile®,Apple iPhone™, Research in Motion's Blackberry®, and Symbian® alsoexist. While using a common operating system is an effective solution toreduce fragmentation, it is unlikely to eliminate the problem. As longas there are multiple platforms that have significant market-share,software applications will need to run on the multiple platforms inorder to achieve market penetration.

Some developers endorse virtualization as a possible solution. Forexample, Java® ME has been proposed as a viable cross-platform formobile communications devices. However, it is well-known that running avirtual machine on a mobile communications device will typically tax itsresources to the point of significant performance degradation. Further,virtual machine architecture is designed to be generic and thereforeoffers little to no access to the particular device running the virtualmachine software. As such, running a virtual machine on a mobilecommunications device is not a desirable solution for highly-integratedsoftware, such as security software, drivers and other software thatsignificantly interfaces with the device's operating system.

Another cross-platform solution for mobile communications devices is theadoption of a common binary runtime environment, such as Qualcomm'sBREW®. However, BREW is proprietary and limited to devices built upon orapproved by Qualcomm®. As such, there are significant limitations as tothe type, scope and breadth of applications allowable on BREW.Additionally, developers are restricted from accessing the low-level(operating system) features of the mobile communications device, whichlimits the amount of customization and integration available.

While these early efforts provide some cross-platform functionality,they are not adequate for highly-integrated software. What is thereforeneeded is a more efficient way for creating, developing and testing across-platform system for mobile communications devices that is easy tomanage, implement and update.

There are many ways for protecting computing assets from the harmfuleffects of viruses, malware, adware, exploits, and other computercontaminants (also known collectively as “attacks”). Desktop, laptop andserver computers enjoy numerous antivirus, network, and similar securitysoftware products that are able to detect security threats such asexploits, viruses, and malware. The detection of known viruses andmalware often involves identifying the software code signatures ordefinitions of known viruses and malware, storing these signatures ordefinitions in a database on the computer, and comparing data with thesesignatures or definitions in order to determine whether or not the datacontains a virus or malware. Detecting previously unknown viruses andmalware may often involves analyzing data for certain characteristics oremulating the execution of data to determine what it would do if allowedto run on the host system. Identifying new attacks is a matter ofupdating a virus definition or virus signature database on the computeror modifying the rules associated with an unknown virus/malwaredetection system. This is feasible since computers have the hardware,software and memory resources to store and manage vast virus signaturedatabases, as well as the processing resources to perform complicatedanalyses and emulate an execution environment. The detection of exploitsor other attacks that can compromise a computer via a network ofteninvolves identifying the signatures of known exploits or attack, storinga database of signatures on the computer being protected, and comparingnetwork data to these signatures in order to determine if the datacontains a security threat. Like virus and malware signatures, networkattack signatures can be updated in order to detect new securitythreats. As mentioned previously, such a system is made possible becausecomputers have the computational and storage resources available tomanage large attack signature databases and compare network data to manysignatures before approving it.

Mobile communications devices lack the same power as computers, thoughthey are often designed to provide some of the same functionalities ascomputers in a portable form. In order to provide these functionalities,mobile communications devices often retain a mobile or portable versionof a desktop computer operating system or system architecture, such asWindows Mobile®, Apple OS X iPhone™ or Java® ME. As a result, someattacks directed to a traditional computer can easily translate or bemodified to harm a mobile communications device. Additionally, thenumber and types of attacks specifically directed to the mobilecommunications device platform is growing.

Detecting attacks on a mobile communications device presents challengesnot found on traditional computing platforms. As previously mentioned,mobile communications devices lack the hardware, software and memoryresources of a traditional computer. As such, storing vast signaturedatabases on the mobile communications device is not feasible, andrunning complicated analysis systems strains the device's memory,battery, and CPU. Other security solutions have been found unsuccessfulat detecting attacks specifically directed to a mobile communicationsdevice, since mobile communications devices provide functionalities notfound on traditional computers. For example, a mobile communicationsdevice may be attacked via network data, files, or executables receivedover various network interfaces such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, infrared, orcellular networks.

The lack of robust antivirus and attack preventative measures on mobilecommunications devices has serious security implications. Mobile devicesare part of a critical infrastructure: as people depend on such devicesto communicate, transmit and receive data, and access Internet andintranet websites, it becomes more important that these devices remainsecure. If not protected, a significant portion of mobile devices may bevulnerable to criminal or cyber-terrorist attacks that could disrupt thenormal functioning of both commerce and government. One skilled in theart could easily disrupt vital communications, use mobile communicationsdevices to hack into supposedly secure servers storing confidentialinformation, steal money via mobile payment mechanisms, or perform ahost of other malicious and nefarious acts.

What is therefore needed is a way to prevent attacks and protect mobilecommunications devices without sacrificing device performance.

Mobile communications devices such as cell phones, smartphones, andPDAs, have advanced well beyond devices that simply carry voicecommunications. Today's mobile communications devices are frequentlyused to receive and transmit data as well, including files, email andSMS or text messages. This data may be received through one or moredevice “entry points,” such as over the cellular network, a datanetwork, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or others. These device entry points are alsoknown as “network interfaces” because they each provide an interface toa different network. As people rely upon their mobile communicationsdevices to transmit and receive data through these network interfaces,it becomes important to ensure that these network interfaces are secure.Each new network interface corresponds to a different communicationsprotocol, allowing hackers and cyber-terrorists additional ways todiscover and exploit vulnerabilities in the different protocols and/ornetwork interfaces.

Since many mobile communications devices are designed to mimic thefunctionality of traditional desktop and laptop computing platforms, themethods used to protect these traditional platforms are oftenappropriated for the mobile communications device. However, traditionaldesktop, laptop and even server computers do not share the same networkinterface issues found in modern mobile communications devices. This isbecause traditional platforms typically use a single network interface,such as an Ethernet interface. This network interface typically uses alimited number of communications protocols, such as TCP/IP or otherIP-based protocols. As such, protecting that network interface is simplya matter of monitoring the data received by that interface. In otherwords, unlike a mobile communications device that may have multiplenetwork interfaces, a computer may only be secured at a single networkinterface.

For those computers that have multiple network interfaces, such asBluetooth or infrared in addition to Ethernet, present security methodsstill monitor transmitted and received data, but the data is funneled tosingle software component tied to the computer's operating system. Thiscomponent will typically apply what is well-known as the “least commondenominator” method to determine if the received data presents any risksor inconsistencies. In essence, however, these prior security methodstreat all incoming data as if they are received at the Ethernetinterface. More specifically, these prior art security methods treat alldata as if they are transmitted using an IP-based communicationsprotocol. Some mobile communications devices mimic this type of securitysystem by monitoring TCP/IP traffic received by the mobilecommunications device. However, this type of security system ignores themobile communications device's ability to receive non-TCP/IP traffic.This is illustrated in FIG. 31.

FIG. 31 shows various hardware-implemented network, communications orsoftware-defined interfaces such as infrared transceiver 3101, Bluetoothradio 3102, Wi-Fi radio 3103, USB interface 3104, cellular radioreceiver 3105 including cellular data connection 3106 and SMS 3107, andnear field communication 3108. In addition, various software-implementedinterfaces, services and communications protocols are shown, includinginfrared services 3111, Bluetooth services including SDP 3112, OBEX3113, HFP/HSP 3114 and BNEP 3115, other network services andapplications 3116, WAP 3122 and WAP services 3117, SIM toolkit 3118,text messaging 3119 and other SMS services 3120. Data received utilizingthese network interfaces, services and protocols generally travelsdirectly to the operating system subsystem that handles, manages orexecutes this data. For example, data received by the infrared receiver3101 or data in the form of an infrared communications protocol 3131 ismanaged by the operating system's infrared subsystem 3131. Data receivedby the Wi-Fi radio 3103, USB interface 3104, Cellular data connection3106, or BNEP 3115 is managed by the operating system's networkingsubsystem 3133, where it may be further directed through TCP/IPsubsystem 3121 to network services and applications 3116. FIG. 31illustrates that various communications pathways a mobile communicationsdevice may utilize a variety of network interfaces and communicationsprotocols. However, in prior art mobile communications device securitysystems, only TCP/IP or other traditional network traffic is monitoredand analyzed. In other words, prior art security systems only protectreceived data traveling through Operating system's networking subsystemTCP/IP subsystem 3121 and/or the mobile communications device operatingsystem network subsystem 3133. FIG. 31 illustrates that not all datawill be transmitted to a mobile communications device using thesecommunications pathways and, as a result, there are a number ofvulnerabilities that are ignored by prior art security methods.

FIG. 31 also illustrates that certain communications protocols may belayered. For example, the Bluetooth radio 3103 may receive data encodedusing the Bluetooth communications protocol stack. As such, the data maybe further layered using SDP 3112, OBEX 3113, HFP/HSP 3114, BNEP 3115,etc. Not only are prior art systems unable to monitor data received overthe non-TCP/IP portions of the Bluetooth network interface, but priorart security systems lack the ability to identify, examine and tracklower-level protocol layers for any security threats.

What is therefore needed is a way to monitor all of the differentnetwork interfaces and that also tracks all of the protocols used bythese network interfaces on a mobile communications device.

Prior art security systems also tend to focus on data as it is receivedor is stored on the mobile communications device. This does not providea complete picture of all of the data communications to and from amobile communications device, and in particular, does not preventattacks that do not come over TCP/IP and do not utilize the file systembefore compromising the device. For example, if a mobile communicationsdevice receives self-propagating malware such as a worm which uses anexploit to propagate, prior art security systems may not detect theexploit being used to install the malware. After the exploit compromisesthe system, it can disable any security functionality and be able toinstall the worm to the file system without hindrance. Further, priorart security systems will not likely prevent the worm from spreadingbecause outbound data transmissions, especially over non TCP/IPnetworks, are not often monitored. As such, present mobilecommunications devices are vulnerable to a multitude of attacks, whichcould not only disrupt daily life, government, and commerce, but alsoprovides a significant vehicle for large-scale cyber-terrorist orcriminal attacks.

What is therefore needed is a way to monitor outbound data transmissionfrom a mobile communications device and prevent attacks that compromisethe system before passing through the operating system's networkingsubsystem.

Today's mobile communications devices, such as cellular telephones,smartphones, wireless-enabled personal data assistants, tablet PCs,netbooks, and the like, are becoming more common as platforms forvarious software applications. A mobile communications device user nowhas more freedom to choose and install different software applications,thereby customizing the mobile communications device experience.However, while there are many positive software applications availableon the market, the ability to interact, install, and operate third partysoftware inevitably leaves the mobile communications device susceptibleto vulnerabilities, malware, and other harmful software applications.Unlike desktop computers and other less portable computing devices thatcan install and run antivirus software to protect against harmfulsoftware applications, mobile communications devices lack the processingpower or resources for effectively running analogous software.

Third party applications have been developed that provide rudimentaryscanning functions on a mobile communications device; however, theseapplications are often device, operating system, orapplication-specific. As such, a single universal platform-agnosticsystem for efficiently monitoring, scanning, remedying, and protectingmobile communications devices does not exist. It would be desirable toprovide such a system that works on any mobile communications device,that is hardware and software agnostic, and that can be continuouslyupdated to provide constant real-time protection. Moreover, it would bedesirable to provide an adaptable system that can act and react to thedemands and changes affecting a number of mobile communications devices,thereby providing intelligent malware protection.

One feature common to many mobile communications devices is the factthat they are constantly connected to a network. However, despite thiscommon link, it is difficult to safeguard mobile communications devicesfully at the mobile network level, as devices may connect to additionalnetworks and utilize encrypted services, both of which often bypassnetwork level protection. Rather than rely only on the processing andmemory resources of each mobile communications device on the network, itwould be desirable to provide a system that protects mobilecommunications devices remotely, providing malware prevention andanalysis measures to multiple devices without the overhead of thosemeasures running locally on each device.

One of the issues that make it difficult to protect mobilecommunications devices from undesirable applications is the manydifferent types of data and applications that are available for suchdevices. While service providers are able to manage the network trafficin providing applications, there is no current way to effectivelymonitor the behavior of these applications after they have beeninstalled on a user's mobile communications device. As a further result,it is difficult to identify new, previously unknown maliciousapplications by their behavior and to track and prevent the spread ordissemination of damaging applications and data once they have beenreleased to the network. It would be desirable to provide a system thatcan actively monitor a group of mobile communications devices in ordergather data about the installation and behavior of applications onmobile communications devices.

Once such a system is in place, it would be desirable to use data andinformation gained about mobile communications device applications tohelp users make more educated decisions about the applications theychoose to run on their mobile communications devices and to allowadministrators and network operators to take preventative measures tofurther secure both individual devices and the network as a whole. Itwould be further desirable to develop a way to anonymously collect dataabout mobile communications device behaviors and activities in order topromote the development of safer mobile applications.

Mobile app stores are experiencing astronomical growth. Analystsestimate that the total global mobile applications market is expected tobe worth upwards of $25 billion in the next several years. Factorscontributing to the growth include advancements in network technologies,the lowering of mobile data usage cost, and the growing adoption ofsmartphones. Application marketplaces such as the Android Market andApple Apps Store have provided a new business model for developers,brands, device manufactures, advertisers, and many others.

With so many different applications coming to the market, it is becomingvery difficult for marketplace owners to categorize the applications,identify which applications they would like to distribute, identifywhich applications they would like to not distribute, and generally,keep abreast of changes. While there are a great number of goodapplications, there is also a great number of bad or undesirableapplications. It can be difficult to tell which is which.

Therefore, there is a need for systems and techniques to provide timelyand up-to-date information on mobile application programs.

Today's portable electronic devices, such as cellular telephones,smartphones, wireless-enabled personal data assistants, tablet PCs,netbooks, and the like, are becoming more common as platforms forvarious software applications. There are literally hundreds of thousandsof mobile applications covering categories such as games, entertainment,music, movies, business, news, productivity, and many more. Theseapplications are made available to consumers through online marketplacessuch as the Android Marketplace, Apple AppStore, Amazon AppStore, andmany others. An application may be offered for free or require payment.Developers may be compensated through commissions, the placement ofadvertisements in the applications, or both.

However, while there are many positive software applications availableon the market, the ability to interact, install, and operate third partysoftware inevitably leaves the device susceptible to vulnerabilities,malware, and other harmful software applications. Unlike desktopcomputers and other less portable computing devices that can install andrun antivirus software to protect against harmful software applications,portable electronic devices lack the processing power or resources foreffectively running analogous software.

There exist many unscrupulous people who engage in software piracy andhacking. Many of the application marketplaces are flooded withunauthorized application copies or versions. Everybody suffers. Thedeveloper fails to receive compensation and may not have the resourcesto continue research and development on other products. The unauthorizedversion of the application may have been modified with a virus or othermalware code. Thus, the consumer suffers.

Therefore, there is a need for improved techniques and systems forcomputer security, including mobile application security.

There is a strong desire for administrators (e.g., chief informationsecurity officers (CISOs) or network administrators) to have a way toactually measure the degree their system is at risk. That is,administrators desire a quantified measure of risk in their system. Andsuch administrators desire not just the facile quantities, e.g., apercentage of devices on which a protection mechanism was deployed, butrather a way to capture the amount of risk in a system. Such a capturedor quantified amount of risk might be considered an “absolute” riskscore for a system. In addition to such a quantified amount, anadministrator would find it valuable to know how the risk level of theirsystem compares to the risk levels of peer systems—their risk levelcompared to other systems in the same industry. That is, anadministrator may wish to know their risk level compared to that ortheir peers. Furthermore, the definition of “peer” to any particularadministrator may be fluid or difficult. And the administrator may wishto remain anonymous or may not wish to divulge who they consider to bepeers. As a result, the administrator may prefer to select a customizedpeer group rather than subscribe to a standard definition of a peergroup or subscribe to another administrator's definition of a peergroup. For example, a small bank may consider itself to be more similarto retailers than to large banks. And for that reason, a small bankadministrator might elect to know how the amount of risk in their systemcompares to retailers, rather than how the amount of risk compares tolarge banks.

What is therefore needed is a system and method for providingadministrators with risk information regarding other networks so that anadministrator may evaluate their system's level of risk in the contextof their industry or other chosen peer group. What is also needed is asystem and method for sharing risk information between administrators sothat the collective group may address a risk. What is also needed is asystem and method for sharing risk response between administrators ofnetworks so that one network may benefit from a response to a risk orrisk event where the response originated from or was implemented on adifferent network.

The source of an access request may be difficult to determine. Forexample, an enterprise employee visiting London, England on vacationwith a sudden, urgent business issue may use free Wi-Fi in a coffee shopto VPN from her iPhone into her enterprise computer, which she left upand running in California. The employee may use that VPN access tocommand the enterprise computer to access enterprise resources.Typically, the enterprise backend would not know that the enterprisecomputer is projecting its display and sending enterprise data all theway to London. The enterprise would also not know the security status ofthe Wi-Fi connection or the iPhone.

What is therefore needed is a method for determining whether to allow ordeny an access request based on knowledge of the source of the accessrequest and knowledge of the security of the computing devices andnetwork infrastructure involved in the transmission of the accessrequest.

Applications of MPTCP involve tying together multiple network interfacesto communicate with, for example, a single application. MPTCP presentssome problems for security analysis and protection because securitysolutions that rely on observing or intercepting communications willfail when the security solution only gets to observe or intercept someof the packets involved in a communication. An enterprise may havesecurity policies in place relating to communication security that auser would prefer did not apply to the user's personal business oractivities. However, an enterprise may have to address devices (e.g.,bring-your-own-devices (BYODs)) that are used for personal business oractivities, and enterprise related activities, and potentially bothsimultaneously.

What is therefore needed is a way to control or monitor the multipleprotocols of MPTCP for enterprise related activities, but not forpersonal activities.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A crawler program collects and stores application programs includingapplication binaries and associated metadata from any number of sourcessuch as official application marketplaces and alternative applicationmarketplaces. An analysis including comparisons and correlations areperformed among the collected data in order to detect and warn usersabout pirated or maliciously modified applications.

In a specific implementation, there is a method for finding andcollecting applications using a feedback loop where initial resultsdetermine future queries. The method includes retrieving, by anapplication collector program, a first application program and firstmetadata associated with the first application program from a source ofapplication programs, storing the first application program and firstmetadata, parsing the first metadata to identify at least one keyword inthe first metadata, submitting to the source of application programs afirst query based on the at least one keyword in the first metadata,receiving a first search result responsive to the first query, where thefirst search result identifies a second application program related tothe first application program, and retrieving the second applicationprogram and second metadata associated with the second applicationprogram from the source of application programs.

In another specific implementation, there is a method for determiningwhich application is legitimate when two or more applications look thesame and claim to do the same thing. In a specific implementation, amethod for identifying counterfeit mobile application programs includesmeasuring, at a server, a degree of similarity between first metadatadescribing a first mobile application program and second metadatadescribing a second mobile application program. If the degree ofsimilarity is within a threshold degree of similarity, comparing thefirst mobile application program with the second mobile applicationprogram to identify differences between the first and second mobileapplication programs, identifying at least one difference between thefirst and second mobile application programs, and based on theidentified at least one difference, and the degree of similarity beingwithin the threshold degree of similarity, determining that one of thefirst or second mobile application programs is a counterfeit of theother first or second mobile application programs.

In another specific implementation, there is a method for correlatingapplications and making assessments based on the correlation. In aspecific implementation, a method includes analyzing, at a server, afirst mobile application program, generating a first assessment of thefirst mobile application program, correlating a second mobileapplication program with the first mobile application program using acorrelation criterion, and based on the first assessment of the firstmobile application program and the correlation of the second mobileapplication program with the first mobile application, generating asecond assessment of the second mobile application program.

In another specific implementation, there is a method for using multiplepersonalities to retrieve metadata and application binaries. In aspecific implementation, a method includes providing to a first sourceof application programs, a first client personality indicating that aportable electronic device having the first client personality isrequesting the application programs, receiving from the first source afirst listing of application programs that the first source makesavailable to portable electronic devices having the first clientpersonality, providing to the first source a second client personality,different from the first client personality, indicating that a portableelectronic device having the second client personality is requesting theapplication programs, and receiving from the first source a secondlisting of application programs that the first source makes available toportable electronic devices having the second client personality. Thefirst listing includes a first application program and does not includea second application program, and the second listing includes the secondapplication program and does not include the first application program.

In other specific implementation, there is a method for orderedsearching. In this specific implementation, a method includes examininga first entry in a list that identifies application programs availablefrom a source of application programs, where entries in the listcorrespond to the application programs available from the source, andthe entries are ordered by publication date of the correspondingapplication programs, determining that an application programcorresponding to the first entry has been previously retrieved, upondetermining that the application program corresponding to the firstentry has been previously retrieved, updating an overlap countervariable, comparing the updated overlap counter variable with athreshold overlap value, and based on the comparison, examining a secondentry in the list, next to the first entry, to determine whether anapplication program corresponding to the second entry has beenretrieved, or determining that application programs corresponding toremaining entries in the list have been previously retrieved and notexamining the remaining entries.

Other objects, features, and advantages of the embodiments will becomeapparent upon consideration of the following detailed description andthe accompanying drawings, in which like reference designationsrepresent like features throughout the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The disclosure is illustrated by way of example and not limitation inthe figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like referencesindicate similar elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment of a mobiledevice which detects and processes security events;

FIG. 2 is an exemplary flow chart illustrating the processing ofsecurity events on a mobile device;

FIG. 3 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment in whichsecurity events detected by a mobile device are processed on a remoteserver;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the processing ofsecurity events on a server;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary home screen graphical user interface for themobile device;

FIG. 6 is an exemplary security screen graphical user interface for themobile device;

FIG. 7 is an exemplary web based mobile device security status display;and

FIG. 8 is an exemplary e-mail summary of the mobile device securitystatus.

FIG. 9 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 10 is an exemplary messaging diagram illustrating the flow ofcommunications according to an embodiment.

FIG. 11 is an exemplary messaging diagram illustrating the flow ofcommunications according to an embodiment.

FIG. 12 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 13 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 14 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 15 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 16 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 17 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 18 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 19 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 20 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 21 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 22 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 23 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 24 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 25 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 26 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 27 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 28 is an exemplary block diagram depicting one embodiment.

FIG. 29 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 30 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 31 is an exemplary block diagram depicting a prior artcommunications pathway.

FIG. 32 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating a system embodiment.

FIG. 33 is an exemplary block diagram depicting a communications pathwayfor an embodiment.

FIG. 34 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating a method embodiment.

FIG. 35 is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 36A is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 36B is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 36C is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 36D is an exemplary block diagram depicting an embodiment.

FIG. 37 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 38 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 39 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 40 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 41 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 42 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 43 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 44 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 45 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 46 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 47 is a simplified block diagram of a specific implementation ofthe Application Assessment and Advisement System.

FIG. 48A is a more detailed block diagram of the system shown in FIG.47.

FIG. 48B shows an example of an app analysis widget.

FIG. 49 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps for sendingchanges in assessment in an embodiment.

FIG. 50 is a block diagram of result types.

FIG. 51 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps fordetermining whether an application should be reanalyzed in anembodiment.

FIG. 52 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps forapplication emulation in an embodiment.

FIG. 53 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps forproviding a substitute application profile.

FIG. 54 is an exemplary block diagram of a system for crawling multiplemarkets and correlating.

FIG. 55 shows a top portion of a screen shot of an application that isavailable on an application marketplace.

FIG. 56 shows a bottom portion of the screen shot shown in FIG. 55.

FIG. 57 is an exemplary block diagram of a collection server.

FIG. 58 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 59 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 60 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 61 is an exemplary block diagram of an analysis server.

FIG. 62 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 63 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 64 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem.

FIG. 65 is a graphical depiction of an exemplary relationship profileaccording to an embodiment.

FIG. 66 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 67 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem.

FIG. 68 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem.

FIG. 69 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment.

FIG. 70 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating two embodiments ofsystems.

FIG. 71 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosure is directed to a system and method for evaluating data ona mobile communications device to determine if it presents a securitythreat. An embodiment provides a mobile communications device with amechanism for rejecting data that is immediately recognized to be anattack, and for allowing receipt of data recognized to be safe. Inaddition, the embodiment provides a way for the mobile communicationsdevice to evaluate data that is not immediately recognized as safe ormalicious. The embodiment functions on a mobile communications devicenotwithstanding any hardware, software or memory constraints inherent inthe device. As used herein, a “mobile communications device” may referto a cell phone, handset, smartphone, PDA, and the like. A mobilecommunications device may primarily be used for voice communications,but may also be equipped to receive and transmit data, including email,text messages, video, and other data. This data may be received aspackets or streams.

It should be appreciated that the claimed subject matter can beimplemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, asystem, a device, a method, or a computer readable medium such as acomputer readable storage medium comprising computer programinstructions or a computer network wherein computer program instructionsare sent over optical or electronic communication links. Applications,software programs or computer readable instructions may be referred toas components or modules. Applications may take the form of softwareexecuting on a general purpose computer or be hardwired or hard coded inhardware. In this specification, these implementations, or any otherform that the embodiments may take, may be referred to as techniques. Ingeneral, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be alteredwithin the scope of the embodiments.

The disclosure is directed towards a system that displays the securitystatus and security event information for a mobile device runningsecurity software. In an embodiment, the mobile device has a securitysystem that runs on the mobile device which analyzes network data andfiles for security threats and determines the security state of themobile device. The security system produces graphical displaysindicating the security state of the mobile device and detailing thesecurity events that have been detected and processed. In thisembodiment, the mobile device may obtain periodic updates of mobilevirus information from a server. The mobile device may also send thesecurity information to a server for display on a computer to permitmonitoring of security information relating to the mobile device.

With reference to FIG. 1, a block diagram of an embodiment of the mobiledevice 101 is illustrated. The mobile device 101 can include: anoperating system 113, an input device 115, a radio frequencytransceiver(s) 117, a visual display 121, database of security eventinformation 123, and a battery or power supply 119. Each of thesecomponents can be coupled to a central processing unit (CPU) 103. Theoperating system 113 runs on the CPU 103 and provides an interfacebetween security system application programs and the mobile devicehardware.

The inventive system can receive data through an RF transceiver(s) 115which may be able to communicate with various other electronic devices.The RF transceiver(s) 115 can transmit and receive data over variousnetworks, for example: Bluetooth, local area networks such as Wi-Fi, andcellular networks such as GSM or CDMA. The RF transceiver(s) 115 cantransmit and receive various types of data including voice, text,photos, video, SMS messages, applications, etc. All forms of datapackets can be analyzed and processed by the inventive system.Additional details about the analysis and processing of data isdescribed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/255,614, filed Oct. 21, 2008,now U.S. Pat. No. 8,051,480, “System and Method for Monitoring andAnalyzing Multiple Interfaces And Multiple Protocols.”

In an embodiment, a local security component 105, an informationgathering component 107 and a transport component 109, can beapplication programs that are downloaded and integrated with the mobiledevice operating system 113. Much of the source code for these securitycomponents can be re-used between various mobile device platforms byusing a cross-platform software architecture. The local securitycomponent 105, an information gathering component 107 and a transportcomponent 109 provide specific security status information which caninclude an overall security state and security event information.Additional details of the mobile platform system and the processingperformed by the security components are disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,632, filed Oct. 21, 2008, “Secure MobilePlatform System” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621, filedOct. 21, 2008, “System and Method For Attack And Malware Prevention.”

In an embodiment, a device's state may be sent to server 911 so that ithas the most updated security information about the device. Thissecurity state information may also include the device's identifier,configuration, settings, information on recent security events, as wellas the device's state. As shown in FIG. 10, mobile communications device901 may send this security data to server 911 over the network (step1001). In step 1002, server 911 may acknowledge receipt of the securitydata from device 901.

In an embodiment, the local security component on the mobile device canidentify security events by analyzing files or data stored on thedevice, messages such as function or system calls between components onthe device, or network data flowing into or out of the device forsecurity events. The security events can include finding possiblethreats such as exploits, suspicious network traffic, viruses, malware,SMS message or phone call spam, suspicious system or function calls,authentication failures, etc. For example, virus detection can beperformed using a list of virus signatures. The local security component105 can examine the contents of the mobile device memory and comparethose files against a database of known virus “signatures.” In otherembodiments, the local security component 105 may also utilize analgorithm that performs virus detection based on common virus behaviorsor common virus characteristics. This alternative virus detection hasthe ability to detect viruses that do not have known virus signatures.Additional details regarding alternative attack and malware preventsystems are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621,filed Oct. 21, 2008, “System And Method For Attack And MalwarePrevention.”

In addition to the detection of viruses, the local security component105 can also detect security threats facing the device over variousnetwork interfaces. In an embodiment, the local security component cananalyze network data using any combination of a “known bad” network datadetection component, a “known good” protocol content and statefulnessanalysis component, and a decision component. Upon examining the networkdata, the local security component 105 may identify security eventsincluding: a protocol length mismatch, a protocol value violation, avalue violation for a protocol in a given state, a protocol statetransition violation, a firewall rule violation, a known bad piece ofnetwork data, or a piece of network data decided to be bad. Once asecurity event has been identified and associated with incoming oroutgoing data, the local security component 105 can determine how toprotect the mobile device.

Table A below is a listing of some possible events that can be detectedby analyzing the files or data stored on the device, function or systemcalls, or network data and example associated severity levels. Theseverity level can vary depending both on the event type and theparameters associated with an event. For example, regarding an eventcorresponding to a virus scan, if no viruses are found, the event wouldhave a low severity. If a virus was found, but it was quarantined, theseverity would be slightly higher. If a virus was found, but it couldnot be quarantined, the severity level would be high.

TABLE A DETECTED EVENT (MAX. 5) SEVERITY Virus scan (1 virus found, 0viruses quarantined) 5 Known bad data 4 Virus scan (1 virus found, 1virus quarantined) 3 Decidedly bad data 3 Virus found and quarantined 3Protocol length mismatch 3 Protocol value violation while in specificstate 3 Protocol value violation 3 Protocol state violation 2 Localauthentication failure 2 Spam blocked 1 Firewall rule violation 1 Virusscan (No viruses found) 0

The local security component 105 sends the security event information tothe information gathering component 107 that quantifies the securityevents and the severity of the security events. For example, theinformation gathering component 107 processes the detected securityevents and produces security state assessment results for the mobiledevice 101. In an embodiment, the security state assessment includes anoverall security condition of the mobile device. The security stateassessment is also displayed as a graphical representation of the numberof security events detected, a chart illustrating the rate of securityevents detected by the local security component 105 and other visualrepresentations of security related status information. In anembodiment, the overall security assessment condition of the mobiledevice can range from “Everything is OK” when no severe security eventsare detected to “Infected”, when a virus is detected on the mobiledevice. Other overall security assessment conditions include“Compromised”, when the local security component detects that an exploitor other attack has been successful on the device or the trust model hasbeen otherwise compromised, “Warning”, where the local securitycomponent 105 is not configured for optimal security or other useraction is desired, and “Error”, where there are problems with thesecurity of the mobile device that need to be fixed.

The security status information includes an overall mobile devicesecurity state as well as additional information about specific detectedsecurity events. The security event information is presented in variousforms including: charts, graphs, graphical displays and text. Thesecurity event information presentation may vary depending upon thedisplay on the mobile device on the client computer. The security statusdata displayed on the mobile device itself can be in a substantiallydifferent format than similar information about the mobile devicedisplayed on the client computer, website or e-mail.

In an embodiment, when data is sent or received by the RF transceiver115, aspects of the data are analyzed by the local security component105 to determine if the data should be identified as a security eventand if actions should be taken. As noted above, the assessment mayinvolve one or more possible security analysis components, including aknown bad analysis component, a known good analysis component, and adecision component. The local security component 105 stores andprocesses the data concerning security events and determines an overalldevice-wide security state assessment. The security component 105 alsoforwards the individual and cumulative security event information to theinformation gathering component 107 for further processing and producinggraphical representations of the device-wide security state. Thesecurity state of the mobile device is displayed in the form of agraphical security status icon, security event charts and various otheroutputs that communicate security information about the mobile device101. The graphical data is then sent to the transport component 109which forwards the security state assessment data to a visual display onthe mobile device. In another embodiment, the mobile device securityinformation is transmitted to a server(s) and a client computer(s) fordisplay on a device remote from the mobile device.

The processing of data such as files or data stored on the device,function or system calls, or network data, by the mobile device 101 isillustrated in more detail with reference to FIG. 2. The data isreceived by the local security component 211. The local securitycomponent analyzes aspects of the data to determine if a security eventis detected 213. If no security events are detected, the data isdetermined to be safe and is processed normally by the mobile device215. In the preferred embodiment, the screened safe data will passthrough the local security component in a transparent manner.

If the local security component onboard the mobile device detects asecurity problem with the data, one or more security events may betriggered. The local security component automatically performs defensiveactions to protect the mobile device 101 from the immediate threat. Theevent or events generated will be processed 217 in order to determine iffurther actions need to be taken. The type of defensive processingperformed by the local security component depends upon the context andtype of data being analyzed. For example, the system can drop networkdata considered to be harmful or may disconnect one or more protocolconnections associated with the data. The security component produces anevent log that is stored and updated as new events are detected.Although monitoring of the security events is primarily directed towardsdata, hardware defects may also create security events. For example,physical damage, dead batteries or other defective hardware in themobile device can cause the security component to detect a securityevent.

In an embodiment, the local security component analyzes the cumulativesecurity events and the non-security event data to determine an overallsecurity status for the mobile device 219. This security assessment isbased upon the type, severity and quantity of the security events, theirassociated data, and the non-security events and data that are receivedand processed by the mobile device 101. The information gatheringcomponent further processes the security and non-security event data bycreating various graphical and text based outputs for the securityrelated information. The data processed by the information gatheringcomponent is sent to the transport component which controls how andwhere the security status will be displayed. The transport componentdisplays the determined security status on the mobile device 221.

In addition to displaying the security status on the mobile device, thesecurity status as well as events and event data can be forwarded to aserver 111. The server may further process the events, event data, andsecurity status information and/or output the status information toother electronic devices. A security status signal can be transmitted toa client computer 233 associated with the mobile device 101 through asecurity widget. In an embodiment, the widget may provide a perpetualdisplay such as text or an icon that provides a graphical indication ofthe security status of the mobile device on the desktop or an operatingsystem tool bar of the client computer. The security status informationcan also be output to a web site or database configured to providecontent for a web site 235 for access through a web browser. The server111 also sends e-mails 237 to an electronic address with security statusupdates and/or event summaries for the mobile device(s) being monitored.The system may require user authentication procedures before allowingremote access to the mobile device security information.

In an embodiment, the mobile device 101 also downloads updated securityevent information as well as other software and database updates fromthe server 121. If the mobile device and the client computer are coupledto the same network, it may be possible for the mobile device totransmit the security state information directly to the client computer,allowing the security assessment information to be displayed on theclient computer.

With reference to FIG. 3, an alternative configuration of the mobiledevice security system is illustrated. The mobile device 101 is coupledto a server 111 and the server 111 is coupled to a client computer 233by the network 121. In this embodiment, the server 111 can include aremote security component 125, a remote information gathering component127 and a remote transport component 129. The server can also contain adatabase 131 of security event information including: virus, malware,and network-based attack, and other security threat identificationinformation. The mobile device 101 analyzes files or data storedlocally, function or system calls, and/or network data; identifiessecurity events; and forwards data concerning the events to the server111 for processing. Like the local security component described above,the remote security component 125 processes the data concerning thesecurity events to assess a security state of the mobile device. In thisembodiment, the server 111 can receive raw data or data that has beenpartially or fully processed by the mobile device 101.

The remote security component 125 might also receive data concerningnon-security events to determine an overall security status for themobile device. In an embodiment, the server 111 can transmit thesecurity status and the security event data back to the mobile device101 for display. The server 111 can also transmit the security data to aremote client computer 233 through a client computer widget, a web site235 or via e-mail 237. The security event information can include theoverall security assessment and specific security events detected whichare displayed on graphical user interfaces.

With reference to FIG. 4, a flow chart of the mobile device with serverembodiment is illustrated. The mobile device 101 receives data 311 suchas files or data stored locally, function or system calls, and/ornetwork data from an internal or external source. The data is thenanalyzed by the security component for security events 313. If asecurity event is not detected by the local security component, themobile device 101 processes the data normally 315. If a security eventis detected, the event and its associated data is forwarded to theserver 111 for processing 325 by the remote security component whichperforms many of the same function as the local security component inthe mobile device 101 described above.

The remote security component will process the security event data in amanner corresponding to the type of security event detected in order toextract more information from the events and determine an accurateassessment of the security state of the device. For example, thesecurity component on the mobile device 101 may have identified incomingnetwork data as having a length mismatch. The security event is sent tothe server 111 which may have information that identifies this specificlength mismatch as a very dangerous attack attempting to exploit arecently discovered vulnerability in the mobile device's software. Suchan event may be given very high severity to alert the user oradministrator responsible for the device 101 about the attack. Inanother example, a mobile device 101 may run an executable file that isnot considered to be a virus by the local security component. The device101 sends an event corresponding to the execution of the file to theserver 111 and the server 111 having more comprehensive virus signatureinformation, may identify the file as a virus and determine the event tobe severe. Automatic or manual defensive intervention can be performedto remove the infection. Various other processing can be performed formalware and other types of security events.

The remote security component may receive information about bothsecurity event and non-security-event data received by the mobiledevice. Based upon this cumulative data, the remote security componentcan determine an overall security status or assessment for the mobiledevice 327. If the server 111 were to determine that the securitycomponent on the mobile device 101 was unable to stop any sort ofsecurity attack or virus/malware infection, the server 111 would updatethe device's security status accordingly. If needed, the server 111 maytransmit commands to the device to remediate one or more securityproblems associated with events 317. These commands may be specializedfor the particular virus or other security threat identified by theprocessing of one or more security events. The information gatheringcomponent can process the event information to produce charts, graphs,text outputs and graphical representations for the security state forthe mobile device 101. The information gathering component at the servermay also produce a log of security events for the mobile device. Atransport component can then output the security event information tothe mobile device 101 for persistently displaying the overall securitystatus 321. The security event information can also be output by theserver 111 to client computers 233 through a direct communication with awidget installed on the client computer 233. The widget will display thesecurity status of the mobile device 101 on the client computer 233.Alternatively, the server 111 can post the status information for themobile device 101 to a web site 235, which is accessible to clientcomputers 235. The server 111 can also transmit the status informationby e-mail to an address 237 associated with the mobile device.

As discussed, the processing of the security events can be performed bythe local security component or a remote security component on a server.Because both modes of operation are automated, the functionality of bothmodes can appear identical to the user of the mobile device. Afunctional difference between the two modes of operation can be theupdating of virus or other attack signatures. In order for the localsecurity component to specifically identify current viruses and attacks,the signatures must be updated regularly. The mobile device can beconfigured to obtain updates automatically or manually. In contrast, thesecurity event database on the remote server is maintained by theservice provider and will always have the most current updates. Anotherdifference is that the communications between the server and mobiledevice may not be persistent. While the server will normally be able totransmit and receive information persistently, the mobile device can beout of service periodically. The mobile device may not be in a goodservice area, the battery may be dead or the mobile device is turnedoff. There are various other reasons that the mobile device temporarilymay not be able to transmit and receive data. Since communications maynot be persistent, the security status information may need to betransmitted from the server to the mobile device in a store and forwardmanner. More specifically, the server may determine the mobile devicesecurity state and this information may need to be stored on the serveruntil the mobile device is ready to receive data again.

With reference to FIG. 5, mobile devices often have a home screen 401that displays important information the user may want to see at-a-glanceand is typically the default screen that a user can easily navigate to.Common information on such a screen includes the number of unread emails411, the number of unread SMS messages 413, the number of missed calls415, a calendar 417 with upcoming appointments, contacts 423, thecurrent date 421 and time 419, and other frequently needed information.A home screen 401 may also be called a “today screen,” a “desktop,” orother term. In an embodiment, a portion of the home screen displayssecurity-related information. The security-related information containsan icon 405 which graphically represents the current security status ofthe device and text which may contain the security state of the deviceor other information such as settings that need attention, the number ofrecent events 425, a description of a recent severe event, or actionsthat the user needs to perform in order to keep the device secure.

The icon 405 can be displayed in a dynamic manner that includes in theimage an indication of the overall security status of the mobile device.For example, the color of the icon 405 can be a visual representation ofthe current security status. In an embodiment, a green icon may indicatethat “everything is OK”, a yellow icon may indicate a potential problemand a red icon may indicate that the device's security needs immediateattention. By activating the portion of the home screen displayingsecurity information 405, 425, the user may be taken to an interfacewhere they can perform needed actions or where they can view additionalsecurity-related information. This security screen allows the user toverify that their protection is working and immediately be notice ifthere are any security issues that may need attention. Because the homescreen 401 is very often displayed, security information is pushed tothe user in a perpetual display without the user having to request it.Such an embodiment may increase the user's attention to security andability to react to security issues quickly.

With reference to FIG. 6, an exemplary security screen 301 for a mobiledevice is illustrated. As discussed above, the security eventinformation is communicated from the local or remote security componentto the mobile device display. The status of the mobile device canrepresent an assessment of the overall security condition of the device.In this example, the status of the mobile device indicates that“Everything is OK” 351. This status can also be indicated by a statusicon 357 which can be color coded as described above. If the device isin a non-secure state, the status would indicate that the device is“Infected with a virus” if there had been an un-remediated virus eventor “Compromised” if there had been a successful exploitation. If theuser had, for example, turned anti-virus protection off, the statuswould indicate a warning that the user needs to “Check settings”. Ifthere had been an internal error, the status would indicate “Error”.

In an embodiment, the GUI includes an icon 353 located next to the textwhich also represents the overall status of the mobile device. Theoverall security status of the mobile device can be indicated by a coloror type of icon 353 displayed. As discussed above, a green icon mayindicate that everything is OK, a yellow icon may indicate a potentialproblem and a red icon may indicate a high severity security event.Similarly, the type of icon can indicate the status, such as a checkmark indicating that everything is OK, a question mark may indicate apotential problem or an exclamation point indicating a known securityproblem. By activating the portion of the display surrounding the icon353, a corresponding action screen can be displayed. For example,activating the portion of the display surrounding the icon 353 can causethe system to display details about the security settings of the mobiledevice.

In addition to the display of an overall security status for the mobiledevice, various other mobile device security data can be displayed onthe GUI of the mobile device. In an embodiment, the informationgathering component can also produce a security event chart 355 that isa graphical representation of the data being analyzed by the mobiledevice. The color of the graph may indicate the current security stateof the device. For example, if the device is in a secure state, thegraph would be green. If the device is in a warning state, the graphwould be yellow. If the device is in an insecure state, the graph wouldbe red. In an embodiment, the vertical axis of the chart 355 mayrepresent the number of analysis actions performed by the mobile deviceand the horizontal axis may represent time. In this example, the graphscrolls left with the most recent data plotted on the right side and theolder data on the left side. After a period of time has elapsed, thedata is removed from the screen. The graph can be updated at regulartime intervals such as every second. The vertical scale can be scaledfor the largest number of detected events per time period. In analternative embodiment, the chart 355 can represent the number ofsecurity events that have been detected over a given period of time.

Additional security information that can be displayed on the mobiledevice display includes: the total number of security events detected ina time period, the last time the mobile device has connected to orsynchronized with a server, and the last time the mobile device wasscanned for viruses, malware, and other security threats. In thisexample, 31 security events have been processed by the security system361, the mobile device data was synchronized 20 minutes ago 363, and themobile device was scanned 20 minutes ago 365. In an embodiment, clickingon any of these text displays will cause a corresponding action screento be displayed.

The mobile device GUI can also include user controls that provideadditional information to the users. By clicking on the “view” 371control, the screen will display more information about the detectedsecurity events. Clicking the “sync now” 373 control causes the mobiledevice to synchronize the mobile device data stored locally with aremote back up copy of the data stored on the server. The “scan now” 375control will allow the user to initiate a security scan of the mobiledevice. The system may also have controls that enable the user to set adesired format and layout for the security information output on thevisual display 115.

While many of the controls are directly accessible from the main screen,the user may be able to access additional security controls by selectingthe “menu” button 331. This can cause a pull down window of additionalcontrols to be displayed. The pull down displays can include controlsand information such as: view events, synchronize now, scan now,settings, about and exit. By clicking on the setting button, anotherpull down menu that lists system controls settings can be displayed. Theuser can then select the system controls and make any desiredadjustments.

Many of the controls, such as scan and synchronize, can be performedautomatically at time intervals set by the user, or at default timeintervals. In an embodiment, the user can select the time interval andthe time of day for performing these tasks. If a longer time period forsoftware updates is selected such as once a week, the user can selectthe day of the week to perform this system maintenance. In anembodiment, the system also allows the user to select the communicationsmode preferences for the system maintenance such as only using a localarea network or only using cellular networks while not roaming. Similarpreference controls may be available for the other system controls. Forexample, the synchronization settings may allow the user to select thetype of data to synchronize including: contacts, pictures, documents,call history, SMS messages, audio files and video files. The attackprotection settings can allow the user to select the data paths that areprotected including: cellular networks, Wi-Fi or other networks,Bluetooth, and short message service (SMS). The anti-spam settings caninclude blocking SMS and call spam based on pre-set or configurablecriteria.

As described above, the mobile device and remote server can also be indirect or indirect communication with a remote client computer. In anembodiment, a widget can be installed on the client computer that allowsthe mobile device security status to be automatically transmitted fromthe server to the client computer and displayed in a persistent manner.The user or administrator responsible for a device or group of devicesneeds to enter authentication information to allow the widget to connectto the server and retrieve information. In this embodiment, the widgetcan persistently display status and security information correspondingto a device or group of devices in a manner similar to the persistentindicator displayed on the mobile device. For example, if anadministrator's widget is configured to represent a group of devices,when all of the devices are in good security states, the widget willdisplay that all of the devices are secure. In the secure state, thewidget may display informational statistics such as the number of itemsbacked up or the number of security events processed for the group. Ifthe one or more devices are in a compromised or other insecure state,the widget will prominently display the devices that need attention tothe administrator. If the widget indicates that one or more devices needattention, the administrator may click on portions of the widget toaccess additional security information pertaining to any of the devicesthat need attention.

In an embodiment, the security status widget corresponding to a singledevice or group of devices displays device information such as batterylevel, number of security events, recent data backed up, or otherrelevant data. The persistent indicator may also be embodied on anoperating system tool bar as an icon representing the security state ofa device or group of devices. As discussed above with reference to thesecurity status icon in FIG. 5, the icon can have a dynamic aspect inthat the color or display of the icon can be an indication of theoverall security state of the mobile device. A green icon may indicatethat everything is OK, a yellow icon may indicate a potential problemand a red icon may indicate a high severity security event. In anembodiment the type of icon can also indicate the status. For example, acheck mark indicating that everything is OK or an exclamation pointindicating a problem. The user can click on the icon to accessadditional security information for the mobile device. For example, thesystem can also provide a screen that displays other security eventinformation for the mobile device in a graphical or text formats.

Additional security information can also be accessible through a webinterface that can provide security information for a mobile device orgroup of mobile devices. In this embodiment, an administratorresponsible for a device or group of devices can access the securitystatus for one or more mobile devices on a single web interface. Forexample, an organization or family may have members who each have one ormore mobile devices. In order to monitor the security status of alldevices, the transport components on each of the mobile devices can beconfigured to transmit status and security information to a server. Theserver then processes the security information and displays the securitystatus for each of the mobile devices on an administrator's computerthat is in communication with the server. By displaying the securitystatus of all mobile devices in the group, the administrator can quicklyidentify a device or devices that need attention.

In an embodiment, the administrator's computer is configured to remotelycontrol each of the mobile devices. If a mobile device is deemed to bein a compromised, infected, or other bad security state, theadministrator or user responsible will be informed and can takedefensive actions to fix or investigate the device in order to protectother mobile devices, protect the data stored on the mobile device, andinvestigate the source of any attacks. For example, if a destructivevirus is detected on a mobile device, the administrator can transmit acommand to lockdown or reset the infected mobile device to prevent thevirus from spreading. In an embodiment, the server may be configured toautomatically take certain actions upon certain security informationbeing received from the device. Additional details of the remote controlof the mobile devices are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/372,719, filed Feb. 17, 2009, “System And Method For RemotelySecuring Or Recovering A Mobile Device.”

In other embodiments, a user can check the security status of one ormore mobile devices through a security status web site. In order toaccess the web based status information for the mobile device, the userwill log onto a web site by providing security information to verifyaccess authorization. Security information can include identificationand password protection or various other security screening methods.With reference to FIG. 7, an exemplary web based mobile deviceinformation page displayed on a client computer display is illustrated.Since there is typically more room on the client computer display thanthe mobile device display, the system can display additionalinformation. In this example, the identification 503 and status text 505and status icon 509 for the mobile device are provided on an uppercenter portion of the display and a listing of system controls 507 areplaced in another area. Many of these controls are the same as thecontrols on the mobile device described, however these controls allowthe client computer to remotely control the operation of the mobiledevice.

The web based display can also include additional security informationabout the mobile device such as backed-up data, software updates, andsecurity events processed during the past few days 511. If any eventsmerit user attention, those events may be specifically identified on thenews feed 511. For example, if a device detected a virus or was found tobe compromised by an attack, those events would be identified on thehome screen. The display may identify the security status of each areaof the security system including Anti-Virus, Data Protection, AttackProtection and Anti-Spam 513. The display may also include a graphicalrepresentation of the security events over the last day, week and month515. In this example, the described display information is available onthe “Home” tab 519. Various other control tabs can be available such asaccount 521 and administrative 523 pages which include associatedcontrols and information. The illustrated display represents an exampleof a mobile device security status display. In an embodiment, the usercan control the appearance of the web page through preference settings.

In another embodiment, the status of the mobile device can betransmitted to a client (other than the mobile device itself) throughe-mail. An exemplary mobile device security status e-mail letter isillustrated in FIG. 8. The e-mail indicates that attack protection isdisabled for the device 611, 14 security events have been handled by thesystem 615, a virus scan has been completed with no viruses found 617,and 1 SMS message has been received by the device 619. The e-mail alsoprovides an identification of the mobile device. In this example, thephone number 621 identifies the mobile device. The quantity of databeing protected 623 is also specified. The e-mail may include a link tothe mobile device security status home page 625 which is illustrated inFIG. 6. In this embodiment, a current security status e-mail can beautomatically sent based upon the user's preferences, such as dailyand/or when a high severity security event is detected. The recipient ormobile device user may also be able to configure the informationprovided in the e-mail according to his or her personal preferences.

As critical infrastructure, mobile devices have a central role in thefunctioning of government, business, emergency response, and many othernecessary functions of a country. Cyber-terrorism attacks on mobiledevices or mobile infrastructures can result in disastrous serviceoutages and the compromise of sensitive data. This system and methodmaterially help defend mobile devices from cyber-terror attacks both bydirectly preventing attacks on devices and by allowing administratorsresponsible for mobile device deployments to recognize attacks as earlyas possible in order to put appropriate protective measures in place.Furthermore, this system and method enables administrators to quicklyinvestigate the source and damage caused by cyber-terror attacks.

One will appreciate that in the description above and throughout,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the claimed subject matter. It will be evident,however, to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the claimed subjectmatter may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagramform to facilitate explanation. The description of the preferredembodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appendedhereto.

Embodiments are directed to a system and method for creating acustomizable secure environment on a mobile communications device inorder to permit safe access to and from trusted services. Embodimentsare not limited to the simple grant or denial of access to the mobilecommunications device, nor are embodiments limited to network orprotocol authorization. The disclosed subject matter allows mobilecommunications device users to access services, and allows serviceproviders to access a mobile communications device with the confidencethat the mobile communications device, or portions of the mobilecommunications device, is secure. As used herein, the term “mobilecommunications device” refers to mobile phones, PDAs and smartphones,but excludes laptop computers, notebook computers or sub-notebookcomputers. In the present application, mobile communications device mayalso be referred to as “handset,” “device,” “mobile client” or “client.”Specifically, mobile communications devices include devices for whichvoice communications are a primary function, but may offer data or otherwireless Internet access capabilities, including Bluetooth, infrared, orwireless Internet access.

It should be appreciated that the claimed subject matter can beimplemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, asystem, a device, a method, or a computer readable medium such as acomputer readable storage medium containing computer readableinstructions or computer program code, or a computer network whereincomputer readable instructions or computer program code are sent overoptical or electronic communication links. Applications may take theform of software executing on a general purpose computer or be hardwiredor hard coded in hardware. In this specification, these implementations,or any other form that the embodiments may take, may be referred to astechniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processesmay be altered within the scope of the embodiments.

A. The Secure Mobile Platform System

FIG. 9 illustrates the various components that may comprise a systemembodiment. As shown, mobile communications device 901 is connected to anetwork 921. Network 921 may include access to different communicationsprotocols, such as a wireless network, a cellular network, Bluetooth,infrared, Wi-Fi or any other network that device 901 may access. Network921 provides a communications link between device 901 and server 911. Inthis fashion, network 921 may carry communications between device 901and server 911, or between device 901 and service provider 950, orbetween server 911 and service provider 950. Network 921 may also carrycommunications between other wireless network or wireless Internetcomponents not pictured in FIG. 9.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the disclosed subject mattercomprises a local software component 905 installed on device 901. In anembodiment, local software component 905 may be responsible formaintaining a secure line of communication with server 911 over network921. In addition, local software component 905 may manage requests foraccess to and from device 901. As will be discussed further below,managing requests for access may include requests between device 901 andservice provider 950, requests between service provider 950 and server911, requests between device 901 and server 911, etc. In an embodiment,these requests may be managed in whole or in part by server 911, or maybe managed in whole or in part by a remote software component 915residing on server 911. Remote software component 915 may be responsiblefor maintaining a secure line of communication with device 905 orservice provider 950 over network 921. One will appreciate that in theexamples discussed herein, reference may be made to communicationsbetween device 901, server 911 and service provider 950. One skilled inthe art will appreciate that these communications may actually bebetween local software component 905, remote software component 915 andservice provider 950. Other variations are also possible withoutdeparting from this disclosure or the scope of the claimed subjectmatter.

A person having skill in the art will also appreciate that the systemillustrated in FIG. 9 is merely exemplary, and that additionalcomponents or configurations may be incorporated without departing fromthis disclosure or the scope of the claimed subject matter. For example,server 911 may be connected over network 921 to multiple mobilecommunications devices, and/or multiple service providers, and/or otherservers. In another example, service provider 950 may host server 911.Alternatively, service provider 950 may manage server 911, in which casethe services provided by service provider 950 may be hosted by server911 in addition to the secure mobile platform system provided by server911.

B. Secure Mobile

1. Security State

As discussed above, access to various sensitive services is currentlyneither available nor encouraged on a mobile communications devicebecause the state of its security is often unknown. In order to assureservice providers that a device is secure, the disclosed subject matterprovides information on recent security events, if any. Security eventsinclude but are not limited to finding possible threats such asexploits, suspicious network traffic, viruses, malware, suspicioussystem or function calls, authentication failures, etc. Security eventsmay also include hardware or physical issues with the mobilecommunications device, such as a broken antenna, a cracked screen orcase, or a malfunctioning Bluetooth or infrared sensor. Systems andmethods for detecting and assessing security events are discussed inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621, entitled System and Methodfor Attack and Malware Prevention, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,108,933, which ishereby incorporated by reference.

Using the system illustrated in FIG. 9, the disclosed subject matter mayprovide a dynamic assessment of the security of device 901, also termeddevice 901's “security state” or “state.” An assessment of device 901'sstate may be performed in whole or in part by remote software component915 on server 911, in whole or in part by local software component 905on device 901, or a combination of the two. One will appreciate that asused herein, the data or information used to determine device 901'sstate may be called “security state information,” and the resultingassessment using this information may be called device 901's “state.”Device 901's state therefore reflects the its current, recent orhistoric level of security, and may be a measure, calculation orassessment of the security level of device in light of recent securityevents or other security state information. Device 901's state may alsoreflect attempts to repair or recover device 901 from harmful securityevents.

An assessment of the device's state can be made in any number of ways,from logging or counting the number of security events that haverecently occurred, to calculating a rating or score based upon weighingthe severities of various security events and determining if any eventsinteract. For example, the device may have recently been subjected toany single security event or a set number of security events, at whichpoint the device's state may be classified as “not secure,” and therebynot be able to access any service provider or be able to be accessed byany service provider. Alternatively, events such as viruses that may bespread to other devices may be considered severe security events,whereas suspicious network traffic may be considered less severe. Ifsuch events are scaled based on severity, the device may be scoredaccordingly or not classified as “not secure” until the score reaches acertain acceptable limit. In either scenario, if the event is repaired,such as by removing or quarantining the virus, deleting the infectedemail or message, etc., then the state of the device may improve orotherwise change. In this fashion, a device's state is a dynamicassessment. When a device's state is referenced, it may either be at thetime of reference or a time range. Historical data for a device's statemay be stored on device 901, on server 911, or a combination of the two.Similarly, data about the device, including its state and information onrecent security events, may be stored on device 901, on server 911, or acombination of the two.

In an embodiment, a device's state may be reported or displayed ondevice 901, or outputted to server 911. Systems and methods fordisplaying state information and other security event-relatedinformation are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,635, entitled Security Status and Information Display System, nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,060,936, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Inan embodiment, a device's state may be sent to server 911 so that it hasthe most updated security state information about the device. Thissecurity state information may also include the device's identifier,configuration, settings, information on recent security events, as wellas the device's state. As shown in FIG. 10, mobile communications device901 may send this security data to server 911 over network 921 (step1001). In step 1002, server 911 may acknowledge receipt of the securitydata from device 901.

In an embodiment, server 911 may initiate a request for device 901'ssecurity state information. This may occur if device 901 has notrecently sent its security state information to server 901 in accordancewith an update or data synchronization schedule, or if server 911 iscommunicating with device 901 for the first time. As shown in FIG. 11,server 911 may request that device 901 connect to server 911 using asecure protocol (step 1101). In step 1102, device 901 connects to server911 over network 921 using the secure protocol indicated by server 911.In step 1103, server 911 may request device 901's security stateinformation, which device 901 transmits in step 1104. In step 1105,server 911 may acknowledge receipt of the security state information.Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the disclosed subject matterprovides for two sources of a mobile communications device 901'ssecurity state information: the device itself, or on a secure server 911that communicates with device 901. This information may be stored in adatabase, table or other memory on device 901 or server 911, or may formpart of the local software component 905 or remote software component915. One will appreciate that other sources of a mobile communicationsdevice's security state information are possible without departing fromthis disclosure or the scope of the claimed subject matter, and thatFIGS. 10 and 11 are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit thedisclosure.

In an embodiment, the process for assessing the security stateinformation for device 901 may be performed by the remote softwarecomponent 915 on server 911. In this embodiment, the security stateinformation may be received as raw or partially processed data fromdevice 901. Server 911 may also store a database of security events andmay compare device 901's security state information against informationin this database in order to assess a severity, score or otherdetermination of device 901's state. In an embodiment, this processingand assessment may be performed in whole or in part on device 901. Onewill appreciate that other methods for processing security stateinformation or data to assess a mobile communications device's securitystate information are possible without departing from this disclosure orthe scope of the claimed subject matter.

In an embodiment, the state of the device 901 may be a function ofhaving installed a particular security software application. In otherwords, if this application is present on device 901, then its state maybe considered “secure,” and able to request or accept access from aservice provider 950. The application may enable secure communicationswith the service provider 950 or with a trusted server 911. Similarly,the state of device 901 may be a function of having access to a specificserver 911 or remote software component 915 capable of monitoringactivities on the mobile communications device 901. Access may begranted through the secure server 911, which then establishes a trustedand secure communications link 921 with mobile device 901. In thisfashion, device 901 is considered secure since communications to andfrom the device must go through secure server 911.

2. Access

In an embodiment, the level of access that service provider 950 has tomobile communications device 901, and/or the level of access that device901 has to service provider 950, may depend upon the device's state,either at the time access is requested, or based upon historical datafor the device's state, or based upon security state information storedon server 911 for device 901. One will appreciate that “access” to andby mobile communications device 901 may have different meanings basedupon the service provided by service provider 950. One will alsoappreciate that the method for granting access or processing requestsfor access may be performed in whole or in part by service provider 950,server 911 (on its own or as a proxy server for service provider 950),or a remote software component 915 on server 911. For example, ifservice provider 950 is a bank or similar financial institution, accessmay include checking an account balance, viewing previous financialtransactions, transferring funds, etc. Access may include all of theactivities typically conducted on website accessed by a desktopcomputer. However, if the mobile communications device 901 iscompromised in any manner, and therefore exists in a “not secure” state,then access may be limited or even denied. For example, device 901 mayonly be able to check an account balance, but not transfer any funds.Alternatively, device 901 may be denied any access to service provider950, and/or service provider 950 may not have any access to device 901.Service provider 950 may customize the level of allowable access basedupon given states, or the level of access may be automaticallydetermined by device 901, local component 905, server 911 and/or remotecomponent 915.

In another example, service provider 950 may be a web applicationprovider, such as Google® Docs or Zoho®. Alternatively, service provider950 may be an organization that provides access to online documentationor other sensitive materials over the web. Using the disclosed subjectmatter, a service provider 950 may be able to adjust access based uponthe state of the device. For example, a device 901 in a severelycompromised state may be denied from accessing service provider 950'swebsite, or may be limited to only viewing a list of documents or files,or may be limited to viewing portions of the files. A device 901 that isnot compromised may be able to access, edit, send, upload or performother activities on the service provider 950's site. One will appreciatethat other levels of access and interaction are available based upondevice 901's state.

In another example, access may simply be a response returned following arequest for security state information and/or the state of a mobilecommunications device. A service provider 950 or other third party mayalready have established communication with a mobile communicationsdevice, or the mobile communications device user may already be a userof the services provided by service provider 950. The disclosed subjectmatter may have subsequently implemented, and service provider 950 maywish to check on the status of a mobile communications device. As such,service provider 950 may send a query to device 901 for its securitystate, or alternatively, service provider 950 may send a query server911 that maintains updated security state information on device 901. Thedisclosed subject matter provides a way for a service provider 950 toquickly and simply access information on a mobile communicationsdevice's security state without having to install or maintain its ownsecurity system network.

Various methods for enabling access to mobile communications device 901are described in detail below. Access may originate as a request frommobile device 901 to service provider 950. As will be described in moredetail below, this request may be passed through server 911.Alternatively, a request for access may originate from service provider950, in which case the request may be directed toward device 901, orpassed through server 911. In any case, an embodiment provides a securemobile platform system in which the level of interactivity between themobile communications device 901 and the service provider 950 dependsupon the state and security of device 901. Different examples areoutlined further below, and are illustrated in the accompanying figures.However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the following aremerely exemplary, and not intended to limit the scope of the claimedsubject matter in any way.

a. Device to Server to Service Provider

In an embodiment, the user of a mobile communications device 901 mayrequest access to service provider 950. As illustrated above, this maybe an embodiment where the user attempts to access a banking service orother network based service using software installed on a handset. Asshown in FIG. 12, this request may be managed by server 911, whichreceives the request from device 901 (step 1201). Server 911 may accessa database or other memory to determine whether it has updated securitystate information for device 901 (step 1203). If not, then in step 1205,this security state information is obtained from device 901. Onceobtained, the security state for device 901 may be assessed (step 1207).This assessment may be any method as described previously orincorporated by reference. If the security state is acceptable, thendevice 901 may have access to service provider 950 (step 1213). Ifdevice 901's security state is unacceptable, then access may be limitedor denied (step 1211). As previously discussed, the acceptability of adevice's security state and the level of access to the mobilecommunications device 901 may be set by the provider of server 911, theservice provider 950, the manufacturer or provider of device 901, orother parties responsible for managing the system of the disclosedsubject matter.

b. Service Provider to Device

In an embodiment, service provider 950 may wish to query server 911 forthe security status, security state or to gain security stateinformation for a mobile communications device monitored or managed byserver 911. In an embodiment, service provider 950 may not manage server911, but may have a trust relationship with server 911 in order to allowaccess to the security state of device 901. In another embodiment,service provider 950 may manage server 911 and have an implicit trustrelationship to allow the service to access the security state of thedevice. In either instance, service provider 950 may have the ability tocommunicate securely and directly with device 901 without using theserver 911 to proxy or otherwise enable the connection.

FIG. 13 illustrates a method by which a service provider 950 may requestdevice 901's security state. In step 1301, the service provider 950initiates the request to get mobile communications device 901's securitystate from server 911. In step 1303, server 911 checks to see if thereis updated security state information for device 901. This may requirecommunicating with a database or memory store storing such information,or communicating directly with device 901. If the information is notupdated, then in step 1305, server 911 obtains the security stateinformation from device 901. Once this information is obtained, then instep 1307, server 911 determines the state of device 901. In step 1309,device 901's state may be stored in a server 911 managed by serviceprovider 950 or stored in a database or memory store accessible byservice provider 950. This method may provide service provider 950 witha continuously updated overview of the security state of a mobilecommunications device 901 accessed by service provider 950.

In an embodiment, the server 911 may provide access to the securitystate of a device 901 through an API over a protocol such as HTTP. ThisAPI may have encryption and require authentication for a serviceprovider 950 to retrieve security state information corresponding to amobile communications device. As such, service provider 950 may performstep 1301 of FIG. 13 by using the API. Alternatively, the server 911 mayaccess an API hosted by service provider 950 whenever the security stateof device 901 changes to update the service provider 950 with the neweststate information.

As such, the disclosed subject matter provides a simple implementationby which service providers can be updated on the security state of adevice 901 monitored by server 911. This provides a significantadvantage over prior art that requires installation of a security systemor portions of a security system, and delegates security monitoring to aserver specifically tailored for the task.

c. Service Provider to Server to Device

In an embodiment, service provider 950 may request access to device 901through server 911. In other words, server 911 may be responsible forprocessing or proxying requests for access based upon device 901'sstate. If device 901 is in an acceptable state, server 911 may providethe desired access to device 901 by service provider 950. This is shownin FIG. 14.

In step 1401, server 911 receives a request from service provider 950 toaccess device 901. One will appreciate that server 911 may beresponsible for proxying access to device 901 from service provider 950,or service provider 950 may be allowed to access device 901 directly. Instep 1403, server 911 may check to see if the security state informationfor device 901 is up to date. Alternatively, this check may be performedby service provider 950 before or after it passes the request for device901 to the server 911. If the security state information for device 901is not updated, then this information is obtained from device 901 (step1405). In step 1407, server 911 assesses device 901's state based uponthe information received. This step may also be performed by the serviceprovider 950. Once device 901's state is determined, server 911 orservice provider 950 or a combination of the two may determine whetherdevice 901's security state is acceptable (step 1409). If not, accessmay be limited or denied (step 1411). If it is acceptable, then serviceprovider 950 may have access to device 901 (step 1413).

In an embodiment, a variation of the above steps may be performed whenservice provider 950 directly requests access to device 901, but device901 passes the request to server 911. In this embodiment, the steps ofchecking whether security state information for device 901 is updated(step 1403), obtaining device 901's security state information (step1405), assessing device 901's security state (step 1407) then granting(step 1413) or denying (step 1411) service provider 950 access to device901 may be all be performed by server 911.

Similarly, in an embodiment, service provider may directly requestaccess to device 901, and device 901 may itself determine whether it isin an acceptable state. This may require that device 901 run a separateprocess that oversees the security state of the device 901. If theprocess is not kept separate from device 901's other running functions,then it may be compromised by malware or other security event thattricks device 901 into presenting that it is more secure than it may infact be. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other methods forself-monitoring device 901's security state are possible.

d. Conditional Access to Device

As mentioned previously, service provider 950 may be granted limited orconditional access depending upon the state of device 901. Such thingsas recent security events, unsuccessfully quarantined viruses, orhardware issues may prevent normal access to device 901. As such, thedisclosed subject matter contemplates instances where access may belimited in order to protect the overall secure mobile platform systemand prevent contamination of other system components. In an embodiment,limited or conditional access may be decided by server 911 which mayproxy the request for access to or from device 901 or may process therequest locally. One will appreciate that if device 901 is attempting toaccess service provider 950, but is not in a sufficiently secure state,the request may be denied without notifying service provider 950 of theattempted access.

For example, in FIG. 15, step 1501 illustrates that service provider 950may receive a request to access its services from device 901. Thisrequest may originate directly from device 901, or through server 911.Alternatively, server 911 may receive the request to access serviceprovider 950 from device 901. In step 1503, service provider 950 orserver 911 checks to see if the security state information for device901 is up to date. If not, then in step 1505, this information isobtained from device 901. Once obtained, server 911 may determine thesecurity state for device 901 (step 1507). If device 901's state isunacceptable, then access to service provider 950 will be denied (step1511). In such a case, if server 911 has determined that device 901'sstate is unacceptable, service provider 950 may never receive device901's request for access. However, if device 901's state is acceptable,then there may be an additional check to ensure that the state isacceptable for the specific service request or task requested by device901 (step 1513). If device 901's state is acceptable for the requestedtask, then in step 1517, access is granted. If device 901's state isunacceptable, then in step 1515, then access is denied. As such, in FIG.15, device 901 may gain access to service provider 950, but may bedenied from performing certain tasks (step 1515). In the previousexamples, this may be an instance where device 901 has access tochecking an account balance (step 1517), but transferring funds may bedenied (step 1515) because of a recent or present security event thathas affected device 901's state.

Similarly, conditional access and communications between serviceprovider 950 and device 901 may be primarily managed by server 911. Inthis embodiment, server 911 provides device 901's security stateinformation to service provider 950, rather than device 901 providingits security state information to service provider 950, as shown in FIG.15. This is illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17.

In FIG. 16, service provider 950 receives a request for access fromdevice 901 (step 1601). However, in step 1603, service provider 950obtains device 901's security state information from server 911, ratherthan from device 901 (step 1505 of FIG. 15). Server 911 or serviceprovider 950 may then determine whether device 901's state is acceptablefor further access to service provider 950. If device 901's state isacceptable, then access is granted (step 1607). If not, then device901's access to service provider 950 is denied.

FIG. 17 illustrates steps similar to FIG. 16. In step 1701, serviceprovider 950 receives a request for access from device 901. Serviceprovider 950 then obtains the security state information for device 901from server 911 (step 1703). If service provider 950 (or server 911)determines that device 901 is not in an acceptably secure state, thenfurther access is denied (step 1707). If, however, device 901 isacceptably secure, then there may be an additional assessment todetermine whether device 901's state is acceptably secure for theparticular service request (step 1709). If so, then access to serviceprovider 950 for that particular request is granted (step 1713). If not,then access to service provider 950 for that particular request isdenied.

FIG. 18 illustrates steps for conditionally accessing device 901 byservice provider 950 depending on the state of device 901 as provided byserver 911. This embodiment may occur after service provider 950 hasestablished a trusted relationship with server 911, which in turn hasestablished trusted relationships with device 901. Service provider 950may interact with server 911 to check device 901's state beforeaccessing device 901. In step 1801, service provider 950 requests device901's security state from server 911. Service provider 950 (or server911) determines whether device 901 is acceptably secure. If not, thenservice provider 950 will not access device 901 (step 1805). If device901 is acceptably secure, then service provider 950 may access device901 (step 1807).

One will appreciate that any of steps of the methods described above anddepicted in the accompanying drawings may be performed in a differentorder or combined. For example, in FIGS. 15, 16, and 17, the steps ofdetermining whether device 901 is acceptably secure for a specific taskor request for access may be combined with the steps for determiningwhether device 901 is acceptably secure enough to access serviceprovider 950. Other variations are possible without departing from thisdisclosure or the scope of the claimed subject matter.

C. Counteracting Cyber-Terrorism

One will appreciate that the disclosed subject matter is directed tocreating and implementing a secure mobile platform system that provideslimited to complete access to one or more mobile communications devicesdepending upon the security state of the one or more devices. While thismay be practical and important in most daily business transactions, itis especially important in the context of national security. Whilemobile devices may not usually be used for accessing sensitive orpotentially classified information, at present, there is little to stopsomeone from attempting such access, especially since many mobiledevices today are Internet, intranet and enterprise-enabled. As such,terrorist organizations have many available points of entry intosupposedly secure systems simply by hijacking the mobile devicesconnected to those systems. Similarly, terrorist organizations can usenon-secure systems to capture and control connected mobilecommunications devices. The disclosed subject matter provides a securedefense against such attacks by continuously and dynamically monitoringthe security state of all connected mobile devices. If an attack isunderway, the system will be aware of such attacks and may possess themeans to contain and classify the attack. Similarly, the mobile platformsystem will be aware if a mobile device is removed from contact, sincethe system will no longer be receiving updates on the device's securitystate. Because the disclosed subject matter provides a gateway systemfor evaluating the security state of a device before granting access toor from the device, device providers as well as service providers canrest assured that they are protected against cyberattacks on theirsystems.

The descriptions above illustrate how the disclosed subject matterprovides a secure platform for mobile communications devices, wherebythe security state of the device affects the level and types of servicesaccessible by the device. Similarly, the security state of the devicedetermines the level and types of services that may access the device.One will appreciate that in the description above and throughout,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the claimed subject matter. It will be evident,however, to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the claimed subjectmatter may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagramform to facilitate explanation. The description of the preferredembodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appendedhereto.

Embodiments are directed to a system and method for creating, testingand providing a cross-platform software system for a mobilecommunications device. The disclosed subject matter comprises aplatform-independent or “core” component, a platform-specific component,and a lightweight abstraction layer component that may or may not beinterdependent to the platform-independent core. The abstraction layercomponent may depend on the platform-independent component in order toaccess the functionalities of the platform-independent component. Aswill be explained further below, this architecture provides across-platform system on the mobile communications device platformwithout sacrificing functionality or power. Additionally, each componentmay communicate with the other using a common API, as opposed todifferent APIs as is common in the prior art. As will be also discussedfurther below, this architecture also streamlines the QA process sinceit allows for the re-use of testing code and systems.

As used herein, the term “mobile communications device” refers to mobilephones, PDAs and smartphones, but excludes laptop computers, notebookcomputers or sub-notebook computers. Specifically, mobile communicationsdevices include devices for which voice communications are a primaryfunction, but may offer data or other wireless Internet accesscapabilities. As used herein, a “mobile communications device” may alsobe referred to as a “mobile device,” “mobile client,” or “handset.”However, a person having skill in the art will appreciate that while thedisclosed subject matter is disclosed herein as being used on mobilecommunications devices, the disclosed subject matter may also be used onother computing platforms, including desktop, laptop, notebook, orserver computers.

It should be appreciated that embodiments can be implemented in numerousways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device, amethod, or a computer readable medium such as a computer readablestorage medium containing computer readable instructions or computerprogram code, or a computer network wherein computer readableinstructions or computer program code are sent over optical orelectronic communication links. Applications, software programs orcomputer readable instructions may be referred to as components ormodules. Applications may take the form of software executing on ageneral purpose computer or be hardwired or hard coded in hardware.Applications may also be downloaded in whole or in part through the useof a software development kit or toolkit that enables the creation andimplementation of the disclosed subject matter. In this specification,these implementations, or any other form that the embodiments may take,may be referred to as techniques. In general, the order of the steps ofdisclosed processes may be altered within the embodiments.

Embodiments are directed to a system and method for monitoring andanalyzing data transmitted and received by a mobile communicationsdevice over multiple network interfaces, regardless of the data'scommunications protocol. As used herein, a “mobile communicationsdevice” may refer to a cell phone, handset, smartphone, PDA, and thelike. A mobile communications device may primarily be used for voicecommunications, but may also be equipped to receive and transmit data,including email, text messages, video, and other data. This data may bereceived as packets or streams transmitted using one or morecommunications protocols, including cellular, TCP/IP, Bluetooth,infrared, radio frequency networks, USB, etc. This data is oftenpackaged, encapsulated or layered such that more than one protocol maybe used. The disclosed subject matter provides a way to monitor andanalyze data encapsulated in multiple protocol layers and receivedthrough one of many network interfaces, thereby minimizing the mobilecommunications device's exposure and protecting the device from harm. Inaddition, the disclosed subject matter provides a way to monitor andtrack data that is transmitted from the device, to ensure that thedevice is not used to propagate malicious software.

It should be appreciated that the claimed subject matter can beimplemented in numerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, asystem, a device, a method, or a computer readable medium such as acomputer readable storage medium containing computer readableinstructions or computer program code, or a computer network whereincomputer readable instructions or computer program code are sent overoptical or electronic communication links. Applications, softwareprograms or computer readable instructions may be referred to ascomponents or modules. Applications may take the form of softwareexecuting on a general purpose computer or be hardwired or hard coded inhardware. In this specification, these implementations, or any otherform that the embodiments may take, may be referred to as techniques. Ingeneral, the order of the steps of disclosed processes may be alteredwithin the embodiments.

A. System Architecture

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary cross-platform system architectureembodiment. As shown, the cross-platform system may include a coreplatform-independent software component 1901 and a platform-specificcomponent 1911. In addition, the system may include an abstraction layercomponent 1921 that is coupled with platform-independent component 1901.The platform-independent component 1901 may present a common API and mayprovide a code library common to all mobile communications deviceplatforms, regardless of manufacturer, service provider or operatingsystem. This common API may enable communication with portions of thedisclosed subject matter, such as platform-specific component 1911, aswell as other components of a mobile communications device. Similarly,platform-specific component 1911 may communicate with portions of thedisclosed subject matter, such as platform-independent component 1901,as well as other components of the mobile communications device, such asoperating system 1931. One will appreciate that the different componentsin FIG. 19 may communicate or implement functionalities with one anotherusing respective APIs; however, in an embodiment, all of the componentsof FIG. 19 communicate using a common API. Despite theirinterconnectedness, each component may be purposefully and explicitlyseparate from the other.

By way of example, FIG. 23 illustrates the interconnectedness betweenthe different components of FIG. 19. Platform-independent component 1901may be comprised of platform-independent software source code thatcommunicates and interfaces with the other components by exposing thecommon API. As shown, platform-independent component 1901 maycommunicate with abstraction layer component 1921 using the common API.In turn, abstraction layer component 1921 may communicate withplatform-independent component 1901 using the common API.

Platform-independent component 1901 may also communicate withplatform-specific component 1911 through the use of one or more dynamicextensions. For example, dynamic extensions may be registered withplatform-independent component 1901 that may call platform-specificcomponent 1911 when necessary or desirable. Dynamic extensions arediscussed in more detail below. Platform-specific component 1911 maycommunicate with platform-independent component 1901 and/or abstractionlayer component 1921 using the common API.

FIG. 23 therefore illustrates the various messaging paths utilized bythe system components of the disclosed subject matter. The common APImay facilitate this communication and allow access or calling within thesystem. This enables separation of the various components of thedisclosed subject matter to determine the most efficient use of thesystem architecture. Development for the cross-platform system isdiscussed in more detail below. However, at a high level, one willappreciate that platform-independent component 1901 exposes a commonplatform-independent API that provides common functions regardless ofthe mobile device being used. These functions include but are notlimited to a XML parser or generator, the software configuration for themobile device, an anti-virus engine, an attack prevention engine, ananti-spam engine, a data protection system, aregistration/authentication system, a logging or reporting system, aserver communications system, data-type extensions, a memory manager ora database system (see FIG. 20).

The platform-specific component 1911 may provide for functionalitiesthat are not common to all mobile communications device platforms. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 21, these may include data protectionproviders, anti-spam sources, attack prevention sources, anti-virussources, IPC, GUI, sync providers, hook management and driver loading.The abstraction layer component that integrates withplatform-independent component 1901 and communicates with and betweenplatform-independent component 1901 and platform-specific component 1921may provide or access other functionalities, such as missing ANSI Cfunctions, network interfaces, file system access, phone or deviceinformation, secure storage, an updater, threading, processes,inter-process communication, user interface or callbacks or otheractions (FIG. 22).

Other examples of how an application built for use on the cross-platformsystem are discussed further below. One will appreciate that the abovelists are merely exemplary and are not intended to limit the claimedsubject matter to any one embodiment.

B. Cross-Platform Functionality

Using the system architecture illustrated in FIG. 19 and the messagingpathways illustrated in FIG. 23, the disclosed subject matter achievesefficient cross-platform functionality by utilizing the specificfeatures of each device platform and/or provider, while at the same timeutilizing a powerful platform-independent component 1901 library and APIas a common code base for all devices. In an embodiment, thecross-platform system relies upon a more specific abstraction layercomponent 1921 than prior art systems. As such, even though abstractionlayer component 1921 exposes the same API on all mobile communicationsdevice platforms, the underlying implementation of the applicationsrunning on the cross-platform system differs.

As shown in the figures, the platform-independent component 1901 isdesigned to call and be called by abstraction layer component 1921. Aspreviously discussed, prior art systems lack this type ofcross-communication. Specifically, prior art cross-platform systemsinclude the capability to call an abstraction layer, but the abstractionlayer does not necessarily depend upon or integrate with the callingcomponent. In the disclosed subject matter, platform-independent codemay be incorporated in platform-independent component 1901 such that theapplications executed on the cross-platform system are minimallyimplemented in the abstraction layer component 1921, and instead relymore on platform-independent component 1901 libraries. As such, in thedisclosed subject matter, abstraction layer component 1921 allows mostapplication functionalities to execute using platform-independent code.However, the figures also illustrate that platform-independent component1901 may be called by platform-specific component 1911, thereby enablingthose functionalities that require platform-specific code. The variousplatform-independent component 1901 and platform-specific component 1911code libraries may reside on the device itself, may be accessible on aserver, or a combination of both.

This architecture encourages application development that is moreefficient and provides better integration with minimal code duplicationon the mobile device platform that eventually runs the application. Inaddition, it allows for the easy creation and maintenance of a softwareapplication across multiple handset platforms, minimizing the amount ofcode that needs to be “ported”, re-written, or conditionallycompiled/executed. The architecture is designed to isolate the variouscomponents that may differ on each device platform from those componentsthat do not differ, while still allowing platform-specific functionalityto take advantage of the platform-independent and abstractioncomponents. The development of a software application for thisarchitecture is discussed further in the next section. Implementation ofsuch an application is discussed below.

FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate how some applications may be developed forthe cross-platform embodiment. As such, one will appreciate that thedisclosed subject matter includes the cross-platform system, as well asapplications developed using the cross-platform system on a mobilecommunications device. The actual development process is illustrated inFIGS. 24 and 25, discussed in the next section.

FIG. 26 depicts a simple virus scanning system on a mobilecommunications device in which platform-independent component 1901 andthe abstraction layer component 1921 are interdependent. In other words,in this embodiment, the abstraction layer is integrally tied to theplatform-independent component that it is supporting. In step 2601 ofFIG. 26, a virus scan may be initiated by using the GUI of the mobilecommunications device. Because a GUI may differ between mobilecommunications devices, initiating a virus scan using the GUI mayrequire identifying the platform-specific characteristics of eachdevice. As such, the platform-specific component 1911 of thecross-platform system will likely enable this functionality. In step2603, the platform-independent component 1901 receives the request toscan data files stored in a directory on the mobile communicationsdevice. The method of receiving such a command and performing the scanwill likely not differ between each mobile communications device. Inother words, the cross-platform anti-virus system will typically use thesame detection engines to identify malware and viruses betweenplatforms. As such, the platform-independent component 1901 can betasked with handling such a scan. An example of such a scan is describedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM ANDMETHOD FOR ATTACK AND MALWARE PREVENTION,” incorporated in full herein.

Accessing the directories and underlying files system of a mobilecommunications device is typically abstracted to a separate interface toavoid direct interaction with the data. As such, platform abstractionlayer component 1921 may enable the function of locating the files inthe directory identified for scanning (step 2605). A list of these filesmay be created by platform-independent component 1901 since it willeventually perform the scan (step 2607). The steps of identifying filesand building a list of those files will be jointly performed or enabledby abstraction layer component 1921 and platform-independent component1901 (steps 2609, 811, 813, 815, 817). Once complete, theplatform-independent component 1901 may enable a scan of the identifiedfiles (step 2619). Results may then be outputted to a display specificto the mobile communications device (step 2621). As such, this finalstep may be performed or enabled by the platform-specific component1911. An example of how such information might be displayed is discussedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,635, entitled “SECURITYSTATUS AND INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM,” incorporated in full herein.

FIG. 27 illustrates an intrusion prevention system using thecross-platform system embodiment. This system may be similar to thatdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614, entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING AND ANALYZING MULTIPLE INTERFACES ANDMULTIPLE PROTOCOLS,” incorporated in full herein. As FIG. 27 shows, thebalance of functionalities between the platform-specific component 1911,platform-independent component 1901 and the abstraction layer component1921 may vary depending upon the functionality being enabled or utilizedon a mobile communications device. In step 2701, data is intercepted inthe OS networking subsystem of the mobile communications device. Theplatform-specific component 1911 may enable this functionality toprovide access to networking subsystems and network access points thatmay differ from device to device. However, the processing of thisintercepted data will likely not differ from device to device. As such,in step 2703, the platform-independent component 1901 may handle thisprocessing to determine if the intercepted data contains anyvulnerabilities or other security threats (step 2705). If not, then thedata is allowed to proceed to its intended destination for furtherprocessing, which may be the next OS networking subsystem component(step 2707). One will appreciate that the abstraction layer component1921 was not involved in this transaction because there were nofunctions that needed to be abstracted. In this embodiment, theabstraction layer is therefore not interdependent on any other componentof the cross-platform system.

However, if a vulnerability or security threat is identified by theplatform-independent component 1901, then the platform-independentcomponent 1901 may create and store a log entry or otherwise record thesecurity event (step 2709). The function of appending the log entry to alog file may be performed by the abstraction layer component 1921 (step2711), since this may be considered a file system or data fileinteraction not suited for the platform-independent component 1901.Treatment of the infected data, such as rejection from furtherprocessing, deletion or quarantine, may be handled by theplatform-specific component 1911 since the process of implementingtreatment may differ between mobile communications devices (step 2713).

The above examples illustrate some benefits of the disclosed subjectmatter. One will appreciate that when applied to mobile device securitysoftware, the disclosed subject matter helps combat criminal andcyber-terrorist attacks by enabling rapid response to emerging threats.Mobile communications devices are already recognize as an integral partof society's infrastructure, supporting data and voice communicationsfor commerce, government and security. As such, it is of extremeimportance to the functioning of both government and commerce that suchdevices remain functional and not compromised. As discussed previouslyand throughout, the disclosed subject matter allows securityfunctionality to be written in platform-independent code, even thoughthis functionality needs to be tightly integrated with the operatingsystem on which it runs. Cyber-attacks can thereby be stopped on allsupported platforms by adding security and protection functionality tothe platform-independent component and deploying an updated version ofthe security software. By requiring only one version of the protectionfunctionality for these cyber-attacks, the disclosed subject matterenables a substantial increase in the ability to respond quickly tovulnerabilities affecting multiple mobile device platforms.

In prior art cross-platform systems and methods, the abstraction layer,in addition to including abstracted functionalities, also includesplatform-specific and platform-independent functionalities. In thedisclosed subject matter, the abstraction layer does not include thesedifferent functionalities. Instead, the abstraction layer component 1921is kept lightweight, and is designed to rely on abstractedfunctionalities provided by the platform-independent component 1901.Conversely, platform-independent component 1901 may call abstractioncomponent 1921 as needed, thereby ensuring a two-way interdependency,when optimal, between platform-independent component 1901 andabstraction component 1921. As a result, during software development forthe disclosed subject matter's cross-platform system, a greaterproportion of software code may be cross-platform.

The disclosed subject matter therefore functions by virtue of thetightly integrated and non-general abstraction layer component 1921.Because of the specific design of the abstraction layer component 1921,the disclosed subject matter provides cross-platform functionality forlow-level functions, such as security or other features that requirecommunication with a device's operating system. Additionally, thedisclosed subject matter does not require much code duplication betweenplatforms. A greater proportion of code may be written to theplatform-independent component 1901, thereby lightening the abstractionlayer 1921 and enabling more devices to be cross-platform.

C. Development for the Cross-Platform System

As previously discussed, application development for the cross-platformsystem of the disclosed subject matter may require that softwareengineers and programmers determine initially which features of theapplication can depend upon platform-independent functionalities, andwhich features can depend upon platform-specific functionalities.Development may involve compiling programs and code using portions ofthe cross-platform system library that may stored on a remote server, ormay involve using a toolkit or similar software development kit thatcontains portions of the cross-platform library stored locally.Developers may upload finished or partially finished applications to aserver or servers for distribution to mobile communications deviceusers, thereby ensuring distribution and verification on differentdevices. These applications may then be downloaded or otherwisetransferred to a mobile communications device, regardless of thehardware or software platform, so long as the device or the softwarebeing downloaded contains the cross-platform system.

By way of example, FIG. 24 illustrates a possible software developmentmethod for creating or adding a new feature to a mobile communicationsdevice that may rely upon some platform-specific functionality. In step2401, the platform-independent feature may initially be developed. Thesoftware engineer may then determine if any new abstractedplatform-specific functionality is required for the platform-independentfeature (step 2403). If so, then in step 2405, platform-independent codefor any common functionality in new platform-specific abstraction codemay be added. This new platform-specific abstraction code may then beadded to all required platforms (step 2407). Cross-platform tests mustthen be performed to verify the new platform-specific abstraction API(step 2409). Alternatively, tests may be performed to verifycompatibility with the common API. If the tests are successful and theplatform-specific code performs as expected, then the newplatform-specific code may be added to all required platforms, therebyintegrating the new feature (step 2411).

In some instances, the software engineer or programmer may need tointegrate a new mobile communications device with the disclosed subjectmatter's cross-platform system. This may require an evaluation of thedevice's configuration and features, and a determination of whichaspects of the device may rely upon the platform-independent component1901 already adopted and implemented across all otherpreviously-integrated mobile communications devices, as well as adetermination of the platform-specific features that can be integratedinto a new platform-specific component 1911 for the new device. Further,this may necessarily require development of an abstraction layercomponent 1921 to implement and interface with the platform-independentcomponent 1901 and the platform-specific component 1911 that will beinstalled for the new device.

FIG. 25 illustrates an exemplary cross-platform development method toadd support for a new mobile communications device or platform. In step2501, the abstraction layer component 1921 may be developed for the newdevice or platform. The new abstraction layer component 1921 must thenbe tested using platform-independent verification to ensure that theabstraction layer component 1921 code performs as expected. Since themobile communications device itself may include functionalities,features or hardware components that differ from other devices, thesedifferent functionalities may be addressed through dynamic extensions.These dynamic extensions may be developed for the new platform (step2505). Verification of these dynamic extensions may also be tested usingplatform-independent tests (step 2507). Once the dynamic extensions andabstraction layer component 1921 have been verified, theplatform-specific code may be added to the mobile communications device(step 2509), thereby integrating the platform-independent component1901, abstraction layer component 1921 and platform-specific component1911 on the device.

In the previous example, the software engineer or programmer may need toconsider developing dynamic extensions for and on the mobilecommunications device. One will appreciate that service providers forthese devices may request that certain device functions be disabled orremoved. Similarly, one will appreciate that even though two devices mayuse the same operating system, they perform functions differently.Dynamic extensions offer a way to take advantage of the individualfeatures of a mobile communications device that may not be present onother mobile communications device, even if those devices are from thesame manufacturer or use the same operating system. By adding dynamicextensions for the mobile communications device during development (step2505), the cross-platform system of the disclosed subject matter mayrecognize and determine the unique functionalities of the device atrun-time.

For example, software may be developed for an entire mobile deviceplatform or operating system, such as Android™ or Windows Mobile®.However, specific mobile communications devices that run the Androidplatform may differ from other devices running the Android platform.Specifically, some devices may possess functionalities that do not existon others (such as a SIM card contact-list storage). By developing andadding dynamic extensions to the cross-platform system of the disclosedsubject matter, the system may determine which dynamic extensions it maywish to register with the platform-independent component 1901 on thedevice, thereby allowing a single executable to support a variety ofindividual device configurations on the platform.

One will appreciate that the above examples describe a few exemplarymethods for developing and adding to the cross-platform system of thedisclosed subject matter. The above examples are not intended to limitthe disclosure in any way, and one will appreciate that otherdevelopment methods are possible without departing from this disclosureor the scope of the claimed subject matter.

D. Quality Assurance/Testing for the Cross-Platform System

As previously discussed, the system architecture of the disclosedsubject matter streamlines the testing and verification of applicationsfor the cross-platform system. An embodiment contemplates a commonplatform-independent component 1901 for all mobile communications deviceplatforms that communicates with the platform abstraction layercomponent 1921. In other words, the abstraction layer component 1921exposes the same platform-independent component 1901 API on all mobilecommunications device platforms, but each platform implements the systemdifferently depending upon its configuration. In any event, because thesame platform-independent component 1901 API exists on all mobilecommunications devices, testing to ensure that the abstraction layercomponent 1921 integrates with this platform-independent component 1901is more easily and efficiently performed than on cross-platform systemsthat do not implement the disclosed subject matter's systemarchitecture. As a result, testing systems and algorithms may be refinedand re-used repeatedly in order to verify that the abstraction layercomponent 1921 performs as expected. The disclosed subject matter doesnot require different testing systems and algorithms for every instanceof the abstraction layer, as is required in the prior art. Similarly,any dynamic extensions developed for a platform are easily tested andverified. Even though dynamic extensions may differ between mobiledevices because of different configurations, the dynamic extensions fora particular platform will still possess a common API specification. Assuch, the common API specification may be verified with a common test.By allowing for the use of common and re-usable testing algorithms, theQA portion of the development cycle is shortened. Developers and QAengineers do not need to create new tests, thereby saving time andexpediting launch of new applications and devices using thecross-platform system of the disclosed subject matter.

In an embodiment, the disclosed subject matter is comprised of at leastthree software components resident on a mobile communications device. Asshown in FIG. 28, a first component 2807 may be used to recognize datathat is safe, or “known good.” A second component 2806 may be used torecognize data that is malicious, or “known bad.” A third component 2805is a decision component that may be used to evaluate data that isneither known good nor known bad. Each of these components is discussedin more detail below.

One will appreciate that as referred to herein, data may include networkdata, files, executable and non-executable applications, emails andother types of objects that can be transmitted to or received by amobile communications device. Mobile communications devices typicallytransmit and receive data through one or more network interfaces,including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, infrared, radio receivers, and the like.Similarly, data may be encapsulated in a layered communications protocolor set of protocols, such as TCP/IP, HTTP, Bluetooth, and the like. Inorder to evaluate the security threat level of the data, it may benecessary to identify or parse the one or more protocols used toencapsulate the data. This may be done using a system such as the onedescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614, entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING AND ANALYZING MULTIPLE INTERFACES ANDMULTIPLE PROTOCOLS,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,051,480 which is herebyincorporated by reference in full herein.

In addition, one will appreciate that data can vary in size andcomplexity depending upon its source, destination and purpose. It may bedifficult to analyze received data objects as a whole; therefore, inorder to optimize resources on the mobile communications deviceplatform, the disclosed subject matter may apply hashing functions orhashing algorithms to the received data. A hashing algorithm willtransform the data into a fixed length identifier for easier evaluation.Applying the hash function may be performed by any of the components inthe system illustrated in FIG. 28, or alternatively, may simply beperformed by the system itself.

Hashed data may then be submitted to some or all of the three componentsfor categorization and further action, if necessary. For example, theknown good component 2807 may have access to or may associate with astored database of known good hash identifiers. As discussed herein, thedatabase may be a data store or table of known good hash identifiers, ormay be logic providing a comparison against hash identifiers for knowngood data. When data is analyzed by the mobile communications device, itmay be quickly hashed and compared against this stored database by theknown good component. This database may include identifiers for datathat has been analyzed before and been deemed safe, originates from atrustworthy source, or simply recognized as good based upon itscharacteristics. This may include an examination of the data'sstructure, statefulness, purported source and destination, etc. If thereis a match against the known good hash identifier database, then thedata may be categorized as known good, and no further analysis isnecessary. This data may then be allowed to pass to its intendeddestination for processing, execution or other operation.

A person skilled in the art will appreciate that since the total numberof known good applications for mobile communications devices is small,use of the known good component 2807 coupled to a database of known goodapplication identifiers may significantly reduce false-positive malwaredetection. One will also appreciate that use of a known good component2807 may be particularly effective for data that contains executablesoftware code. Executable software code for a given application rarelychanges between different mobile communications devices, so creating adatabase of known good hash identifiers or logic for evaluating knowngood hash identifiers may be an effective method for recognizing safe ortrustworthy data. This database may vary in size depending upon theresources available on the mobile communications device. Alternatively,aspects of the disclosed subject matter, such as the known goodcomponent, may have access to a remote server with a larger library ofhash identifiers for known good data or applications. Additionally, asdiscussed further in the next section, known good component 2807 may beable to evaluate the security of data depending upon whether the datapossesses sufficient characteristics common to other known good data.

The second component of the system embodiment may include a componentcapable of recognizing if received data is malicious, or “known bad”(106 in FIG. 28). Known bad component 2806 may have access to adatabase, logic or other data store containing information on knownattack signatures or definitions that can be stored on the mobilecommunications device without occupying a significant amount of memory.For example, virus or other malware signatures can be reduced to hashingidentifiers and stored in a database. In other words, there may be aknown bad hash identifier database that complements the known good hashidentifier database stored on the mobile communications device.Additionally or alternatively, known bad component 2806 may be capableof identifying malware using characteristics common to other malicioussoftware code. When applied to network data or data files, known badcomponent 2806 may have access to a database containing patterns orother characteristics of a protocol data unit or file format whichpresents a security threat. Similar to the known good component 2807 anddatabase, any data identified as containing malware may be deleted,quarantined, or rejected from further processing by the mobilecommunications device. If a known bad data object is detected, thedisclosed subject matter may also display a notification or othermessage similar to that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,635, entitled “SECURITY STATUS AND INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM,”incorporated in full herein.

The third component of the system embodiment may be a decision component2805. This component may be used to evaluate data that cannot becharacterized as either known good or known bad. Since a majority of thedata received on the mobile communications device may fall within thiscategory, this component may utilize most of the resources allocated tothe system embodiment. This component may apply fuzzy logic, heuristicor other methods of analysis in order to determine whether received datamay be passed to its intended destination, or rejected to prevent harmfrom befalling the device. Examples of this analysis are discussedbelow.

One will appreciate that the system embodiment may exist independentlyon a mobile communications device, or may be incorporated into anexisting security system on the mobile communications device such as theone in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614. One will alsoappreciate that in order to implement the disclosed subject matter on avariety of mobile communications device platforms, it may be necessaryto program aspects of the disclosed subject matter using across-platform system, such as the one disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/313,937, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AMOBILE CROSS PLATFORM SOFTWARE SYSTEM,” now U.S. Pat. No. 8,271,608,incorporated by reference in full herein. In addition, aspects of thedisclosed subject matter may be used to determine a security state for amobile communications device, as is described in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/255,632, entitled “SECURE MOBILE PLATFORM SYSTEM,” now U.S.Pat. No. 8,087,067 incorporated by reference in full herein.

One will also appreciate that while the disclosed subject matter isdisclosed as installed on a mobile communications device, portions ofthe disclosed subject matter may communicate or work in conjunction witha remote server or a series of servers. For example, the systemembodiment may be configured to update its virus definitions or comparereceived data against a larger virus signature database on a remoteserver. Alternatively, the mobile communications device may beconfigured to send a hash identifier for received data to one or moreservers for analysis and/or evaluation. One server may contain the knowngood component 2807, known bad component 2806 and decision component2805 of the disclosed subject matter, or the components may bedistributed across two or more servers. The one or more servers maythereby perform the analysis using the hash identifier, and if analysisreveals that the hash identifier identifies recognizably safe data, thenthe one or more servers may notify the mobile communications device orinstruct the device that it may accept and process the data. If theanalysis reveals that the hash identifier identifies recognizablymalicious data, then the one or more servers may notify the mobilecommunications device or instruct the device to reject the data and notprocess it further. If the analysis is inconclusive, then the one ormore servers may request that the mobile communications device send thedata identified by the hash identifier to a server for further analysis.Further analysis may be performed by a decision component 2805 ormanually. One will appreciate that other variations are possible withoutdeparting from this disclosure.

B. Malware and Attack Detection Using Data Characteristics

The system architecture discussed above offers an improvement over priorart mobile communications device security systems that typically onlyinclude a known good detection method or a known bad detection method.Because the disclosed subject matter incorporates a decision component2805 as well, it minimizes false-positive or false-negative detectionerrors common to prior art systems. Other advantages and improvementsare discussed in this section that describes some of the analysesperformed by the system embodiment.

1. Known Good Characteristics

In an embodiment, the disclosed subject matter may be configured torecognize good characteristics that all known good data should possess.Analyzing data for good characteristics may include the equivalent ofapplying a database or other data store of known good characteristics orlogic asserting known good characteristics, and performing a comparisonagainst the database. Alternatively or additionally, analyzing data forgood characteristics may include the equivalent of applying logicasserting known good characteristics. The database or logic may notinclude all of the characteristics that may determine if data is good;however, if the data object lacks key known good characteristics, thenthe system can conclude that the data may be malicious and should befurther analyzed, or alternatively, rejected outright. The database ofknown good characteristics or logic asserting known good characteristicmay supplant the known good component 2807 discussed above, or in somecases may replace it as a lightweight alternative. In other words, alist of all the known good data files and network data may be infinitelylarge, but the list of characteristics common to known good data filesand known good network data may be much smaller. As such, the databaseof known good characteristics may be smaller in size than the known gooddatabase, and may therefore be more practical in mobile communicationsdevices with less memory or processing resources.

One will appreciate that there are a number of characteristics common toknown good data, but that these characteristics may differ dependingupon whether the data is network data, a data file, or executable data.The disclosed subject matter is able to evaluate all types of datareceivable by a mobile communications device. For example, network dataand data files may be examined for structure and state. This may involvechecking the data against its associated metadata to confirm that thesize, type and description match the data being described. Using thisanalysis, known good component 2807 may be configured to allow or acceptdata that has valid statefulness and structure, and provide data thatdoes not pass these tests to the known bad component 2806 for furtheranalysis or simply reject it outright. One will appreciate, however,that having valid statefulness and structure are not alone enough forconcluding that a data file or network data is good, and furtheranalysis by known bad component 2806 and/or decision component 2805 maybe necessary. In other words, even though data analyzed by known goodcomponent 2807 may result in a positive match finding that the data hasrecognizably good characteristics, or has a hash identifier matchingknown good data, the data may still be analyzed by known bad component2806 and/or decision component 2805.

With regards to executable data, the list of known good executableapplications for mobile communications devices is small. As such, knowngood component 2807 may simply compare hash identifiers for gatheredexecutable data and compare them against a stored database of known goodexecutables. One will appreciate that other methods, such as validatingthe structure of an executable file format or validating anycryptographic signatures on an executable may be applied as well.

2. Known Bad Characteristics

In an embodiment, data may be compared using logic or a database orother data store of known bad characteristics. As such, if data hasknown bad characteristics, it may be considered malicious and may berejected, deleted or quarantined. One will appreciate that the entiredata object may have known bad characteristics, or part of the dataobject may have known bad characteristics, or a pattern in an object maybe recognized as known bad, or the data object may yield a positiveresult from logic that performs a specific test for known badcharacteristics. In such situations, it may warrant further analysis orconfirmation to avoid an inaccurate result. Further analysis protectsagainst situations in which the disclosed subject matter may notrecognize a specifically malicious data object that has not beenrecognized as such before. It is preferable to avoid mistakenlycharacterizing an object as more good than bad if it presents a securitythreat. Data that is recognized as known good, or is recognized hashaving sufficient known good characteristics, may be passed on to itsintended destination. Data that fails to have all of the characteristicsof a known good file or application, is found to be more bad than good,or is simply unrecognized may be passed along to the decision component2805 for further analysis.

As noted previously, data may be analyzed differently depending uponwhether it is network data, file data, or executable data. Network dataand file data may be encapsulated in various multi-layer protocols orformats. These protocols or formats may be analyzed using the system andmethods described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614. If anyof the data has known bad violations of its purported protocol orformat, contains anomalous content or state transitions, or is invalidfor the processor or subsystem to which it is directed, then known badcomponent 2806 may reject this data as potentially malicious.

Known bad executables may be evaluated using full hash signatures, astring match anywhere or at a relative or absolute offset in the file,or a pattern anywhere or at a certain offset in the file consistent withknown pieces or families of malware. If any of these characteristics areencountered, then the known bad component 2806 may identify the data asmalware and reject it. One will appreciate that other methods fordetecting known bad data may be used as well, including but not limitedto blocking executables which utilize a piece or specific combination ofprivileged functionality, or blocking executables which a server deemsto have access frequency characteristics across many mobile devicesindicative of viruses or malware.

3. Further Analysis

In some instances, data may not be immediately recognized as known goodor known bad, and so decision component 2805 may be used. One willappreciate that a key aspect of the disclosed subject matter is itsability to analyze data that is not immediately known good or known bad.As mentioned above, this may require an analysis to determine if data ismore good than bad, or more bad than good. As such, the disclosedsubject matter provides a sliding scale with which to assess the degreeof how good or how bad received data may be. This permits a more precisemeasurement of not only how data may or may not harm a mobilecommunications device, but in light of this data, how the overallsecurity state of the device may change.

The decision component 2805 may utilize one or more types of internaldecision systems to characterize whether data is good or bad. Thedecision component 2805 is designed to detect security threats withoutspecific signatures for the threats being protected against. In otherwords, decision component 2805 may operate as an additional securitycomponent to compensate for any weaknesses from known good component2807 or known bad component 2806.

One will appreciate that there are a number of decision systems that maybe utilized by decision component 2805, including but not limited toheuristic algorithms, rule-based or non-rule-based expert systems, fuzzylogic systems, neural networks, or other systems that may be used toclassify a subject. In an embodiment, decision component 2805 cananalyze network data or files for possible security threats. Forexample, a fuzzy system may be configured to analyze the timing relatedto authentication actions over a given protocol, such as Bluetooth. Aremote device connected to the local device via Bluetooth may repeatedlytry to request access to a privileged resource on a device. Each timethe remote device sends an authentication request, a window may pop upon the target device that requires user action before normal deviceinteraction can resume. Because there is often no rate limiting builtinto the Bluetooth authentication system of mobile phones, a remotedevice can continue interrupting the local user by requesting access tothe privileged resource and until the local user becomes frustrated andsimply grants the request.

A fuzzy system can analyze data such as the timings betweenauthentication requests, the results of previous authenticationrequests, and the time required for the user to respond to previousauthentication requests. Such a system can detect when a remote deviceis attempting to repeatedly request authorization and the user isdenying it quickly to prevent a situation where the user becomesfrustrated and grants privileged access on his or her device to a remoteattacker. Such a system can also be used to detect denial of serviceattacks, port scans, or other attacks that have a significant temporalcomponent.

In another example, a heuristic algorithm may be used to detect thepresence of shellcode in a data packet, stream, or data file in whichnone is expected. Such shellcode may be indicative that the datacontains an exploit designed to perform a memory corruption attack wherethe attacker aims to have the supplied shellcode executed by the targetdevice's processor.

In another example, the decision component 2805 may contain a system fordetecting anomalies in protocol behavior or file content so as to catchsecurity threats that rely on unforeseen, yet out-of-the-ordinarymechanisms.

In another example, the decision component 2805 may contain a system foranalyzing authentication or other strings in network data or files thatmay be used to “socially engineer” a user. “Social engineering” attacksoften manipulate the user into performing an action that is not in hisor her best interest by using false information or otherwise presentinginformation to the user that he or she may interpret as legitimate but,in fact, is not. Such a system can examine the content of strings todetermine if the data is of legitimate origin or is a potential socialengineering attack. Examples of attacks this type of system may stopinclude: “phishing,” “SMS phishing,” Bluetooth device name manipulation,and others.

In an embodiment, the decision component 2805 may analyze applications,libraries, or other executables on a mobile communications device. In anexample, the decision component 2805 may contain a neural network whichanalyzes characteristics of an executable and determines a securityassessment based on pre-set connection characteristics. Suchcharacteristics may be determined based on information contained in theexecutable file format or as a result of processing the content of theexecutable file.

In an example, the decision component 2805 may contain a virtualmachine-based decision system by which an executable can be classifiedby a set of rules that may be updated independently of the decisioncomponent itself. Such a system is able to add new logic to detectcertain new classes of viruses on the fly without having to update thewhole decision component. The system may pre-process the executable sothat the virtual machine's logic can symbolically reference theexecutable rather than having to process the executable itself

In an example, the decision component 2805 may contain an expert-systemwhich analyzes the behavior of an executable through function calls,system calls or actions an executable may take on an operating system.If an executable accesses sensitive system calls in a way that signifiesmalicious behavior, the system may flag that executable as potentialmalware and action may be taken.

The above examples illustrate how decision component 2805 may utilize anumber of analytical methods in order to fully evaluate the threat levelof data received by or transmitted from the mobile communicationsdevice. Other examples may be contemplated without departing from thescope of this disclosure or the spirit of the claimed subject matter.

C. Data Analysis

FIGS. 29 and 30 provide examples of how the system described above mayapply its algorithm for evaluating data to detect malware and preventattack. FIG. 29 illustrates the disclosed subject matter evaluatingnetwork data or data files. FIG. 30 illustrates the disclosed subjectmatter evaluating executable code. Each is discussed in turn.

1. Analysis of Network Data or Data Files

As shown in FIG. 29, step 2901 may involve gathering data sent to orreceived from the mobile communications device. The data may be analyzedto identify its protocol and track state (step 2903). One willappreciate that these steps may be performed in whole or in part by thesystem described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,635. In step2905, known good component 2807 may evaluate the gathered data for knowngood characteristics. Known good characteristics may include thecharacteristics previously discussed. If the data contains sufficientknown good characteristics, it may be allowed to proceed to its intendeddestination (step 2911) for processing, execution or other operation.Alternatively, it may be further analyzed by known bad component 2806 toconfirm that the data is truly safe (step 2907). If known bad component2806 determines that the data is truly safe, then the data may beallowed to proceed to its intended destination (step 2911). Decisioncomponent 2805 may also be available to provide a final check (step2909) before allowing the data to proceed (step 2911).

At any point during the analysis, if either known good component 2807,known bad component 2806 or decision component 2805 determines that thedata is not good, or affirmatively contains security threats, datainconsistencies, etc., then in step 2913 the data will be blocked,rejected, deleted or quarantined. As discussed above, a signal event orsecurity event information log may be updated to record the encounterwith the contaminated data.

One will appreciate that the steps illustrated in FIG. 29 are merelyexemplary and are not meant to limit the claimed subject matter to anyone method.

2. Analysis of Executable Data

Like FIG. 29, FIG. 30 similarly depicts and exemplary method forevaluating executable data, including but not limited to applications,programs and/or libraries on the mobile communications device. In step3001, the executable is determined to need to be classified as eithergood or bad as a result from an attempt to access the executable or theexecutable being downloaded or otherwise transferred to the mobiledevice. The executable may or may not be pre-processed to determine ahash identifier or other characteristic before being evaluated by knowngood component 2807. This evaluation may include comparing theexecutable's hash identifier against a database of known goodcharacteristics, identifying whether the executable has sufficient knowngood characteristics, or any of the criteria discussed above. If theexecutable is recognized as known good, then in step 3011, it may beallowed to execute its code or proceed to its intended destination forprocessing or other operation. If known good component 2807 fails toallow the executable data, then known bad component 2806 may perform itsanalysis (step 3005). If known bad component 2806 confirms that theexecutable is malicious, then the executable may be quarantined,rejected, or deleted, and the event may be logged (step 3009). If knownbad component 2806 is unable to characterize the executable, then thedecision component 2805 may perform its analysis as described above(step 3007). If decision component 2805 ultimately determines that theexecutable is safe, then the executable is allowed (step 3011). Ifdecision component 2805 ultimately determines that the executable is notsafe, or remains unsure, then the executable may be quarantined (step3009). One will appreciate that since executables may contain code thatcan cause significant harm to the mobile communications device, it mayrequire more rigorous analysis before the executable is allowed toproceed. Any of the steps illustrated in FIG. 30 may be altered withoutdeparting from this disclosure or scope of the claimed subject matter.

One will appreciate that the above examples contemplate that thedisclosed subject matter operates wholly on a mobile communicationsdevice. However, as previously discussed, it is also possible forportions of the disclosed subject matter to reside on one or more remoteservers. In the example of an antivirus system, a file's hash identifiermay be transmitted to a remote server that then identifies whether thefile is known good or known bad, or if the file contains known good orknown bad characteristics. If the server does not recognize the file'shash identifier, the server may request that the file itself betransmitted to the server for analysis. This analysis may be automatic,or may be performed by a human. The server may furthermore analyzeaccess patterns of a given executable between multiple devices todetermine if the executable has virus or malware-like spreadingcharacteristics. In an embodiment, analysis on the server is concurrentor in conjunction with an analysis performed by and on the mobilecommunications device. If the mobile communications device's antivirussystem fails to classify the file, it may query the server for itsresults. Alternatively or in addition, the disclosed subject matter onthe mobile communications device may perform a heuristic analysis usingthe decision component 2805 described above. The results from the localdecision component 2805 on the mobile communications device may belogged locally and/or transmitted to the server.

As described above, the disclosed subject matter provides a robust andflexible security system for preventing attacks on a mobilecommunications device. By implementing the disclosed subject matter,attacks from cyber-terrorists and other criminal groups may be thwarted.As a result, mobile communications devices can be used for many taskswith a reduced risk of security threats such as exploits, viruses,malware, social engineering attacks, denial of service attacks, and thelike.

FIG. 32 illustrates some of the various software components that maycomprise a system embodiment. These software components may be installedon a mobile communications device such that data analysis is performedentirely on the device. However, one skilled in the art will appreciatethat portions of the received data may be analyzed by or on a remoteserver, in which case data transmitted to the device may be sent to theserver for analysis.

In general, the system embodiment may be comprised of three softwarecomponents: data gathering component 3211, protocol tracking component3201 and protocol analysis component 3212, as shown in FIG. 32. Data maybe received by, transmitted from, or otherwise intercepted on the mobilecommunications device at one or more network interfaces on the device(see FIG. 31). The data is gathered by one or more data gatheringcomponents 3211 and passed to protocol tracking component 3201 aftersome initial analysis. Protocol tracking component 3201 may performfurther analysis on the data by calling one or more protocol analysiscomponents 3212. This analysis is discussed further below, but mayinclude identifying and determining if there are any other protocollayers in the received data. Reference character 3222 refers to a systemembodiment comprising at least one data gathering component 3211, atleast one protocol tracking component 3201, and at least one protocolanalysis component 3212, as well as the means to send data andinformation between each component.

FIG. 32 illustrates that in an embodiment, there may be multipleinstances of the data gathering component 3211 and the protocol analysiscomponent 3212, and a single instance of the protocol tracking component3201. For example, there may be a data gathering component for eachnetwork interface on the mobile communications device. One datagathering component may correspond to the device's Bluetooth interface,another data gathering component for the device's infrared interface,another for the Wi-Fi interface, and so on. Similarly, there may be aprotocol analysis component for each communications protocol. Forexample, the Bluetooth interface receives data transmitted using variousBluetooth protocols. As such, there may be a protocol analysis componentfor protocols such as HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM, OBEX, SDP, BNEP, and others.The data may contain additional layers or stacks, as is common with mostnetwork communications protocols. Therefore, there may be protocolanalysis components for each underlying protocol layer or stack. As eachunderlying protocol is identified, the protocol tracking component 3201will call a respective protocol analysis component to parse and analyzea layer. If a protocol analysis component identifies another layerduring its analysis, it will send this information to the protocoltracking component 3201 that will call a respective protocol analysiscomponent for the newly identified layer. This method is furtherdiscussed below. One will also appreciate that in an embodiment, theremay be a single protocol analysis component capable of handling allcommunications protocols.

In an embodiment, the calling of the data gathering components 3211 andthe protocol analysis components 3212 is designed to be dynamic suchthat data can travel throughout the mobile communications device usingmultiple pathways, and may be subsequently analyzed by selecting theappropriate protocol analysis component 3212 as identified by protocoltracking component 3201. This is illustrated in FIG. 33. As shown, datais received and transmitted through network interfaces such as infraredreceiver 3301, Bluetooth radio 3302, Wi-Fi radio 3303, USB interface3304, cellular radio 3305, near-field communication interface 3308, etc.However, instead of allowing data to proceed directly to the respectiveoperating system subsystem, the data is gathered, tracked and analyzedby system 3220. Since each instance of system 3222 may differ dependingupon the network interface and communications protocol, each instance islabeled uniquely in FIG. 33 as 3351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359,360 and 3361. One will appreciate, however, that each instance of system3222 does not have to be unique from another instance. Any one ofsystems 3351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360 and 3361 may be thesame or may differ from the other.

For example, in an embodiment, data received by or transmitted frominfrared transceiver 3301 may be gathered, tracked and analyzed bysystem instance 3351, which may comprise one or more data gatheringcomponents, a single protocol tracking component, and one or moreprotocol analysis components as shown in FIG. 32. Similarly, datareceived by or transmitted from Bluetooth radio interface 3302 may begathered, tracked and analyzed by system instance 3352, which may alsocomprise one or more data gathering components, the protocol trackingcomponent, and one or more protocol analysis components. The gathering,tracking and analyzing steps are discussed further below. In anembodiment, the data gathering components and protocol analysiscomponents may be the same or may differ between each network interface,depending upon the protocol used. For example, in order to optimizemobile communications device resources, a protocol analysis componentmay be able to identify and analyze multiple protocols if the protocolsare similar enough. A protocol analysis component is also able toanalyze a given protocol transmitted or received through differentinterface types and in different protocol stacks.

FIG. 33 also illustrates that an instance of system 3222 may be placedbetween subsystems. System instance 3359 may gather, track and analyzedata from TCP/IP subsystem 3321 and operating system networkingsubsystem 3333. One will appreciate that system instance 3359 mayperform its gathering, tracking and analyzing after system instance 3360has performed its functions. System instance 3359 may thereby analyze adifferent layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack than system instance 3360,and similarly system instance 3360 may analyze a different layer of aprotocol stack than system instance 3361 and/or system instance 3357.

In an embodiment, the disclosed subject matter allows the operatingsystem's normal reassembly, decryption, and other data processingfunctions to operate on data so that assumptions are not made by theanalysis or security components as to how the operating system willprocess data. For example, when a packet corresponding to a TCP streamis received over Ethernet, protocol layers up to TCP may be analyzedbefore the TCP/IP reassembles the packet into part of a stream. Ifsystem instance 3359 were to try to reassemble the stream and makesecurity decisions separately from how the operating system reassemblesthe stream, an attacker may take advantage of this configuration so asto make a stream reassemble differently in system instance 3359 than inoperating system TCP/IP subsystem 3321. By allowing multiple systeminstances to operate on data at different portions of the protocolstack, the disclosed subject matter can protect the device in a layeredfashion by analyzing data before it is processed, but waiting untillower layer processing has been completed by the operating system beforeprocessing higher layer protocols. By utilizing the protocol trackingcomponent 3201, data as a part of a stream can be deterministicallylinked to the packets which contain segments of that stream. In anotherexample, the disclosed subject matter can inspect encrypted data byperforming analysis of the decrypted data after the operating system hasperformed the decryption and is passing the data to the next componentin the pathway. In an embodiment, protocol analysis components 3212 maybe configured to signal for or otherwise instruct the protocol trackingcomponent 3201 to stop analyzing data in anticipation of furtheranalysis by another system instance at another point in the datapathway. Alternatively, the protocol tracking component 3201 maydetermine when to stop analyzing data. In a further embodiment, the datagathering component 3211 may configure the protocol tracking component3201 or protocol analysis components 3212 to stop processing data whencertain protocol criteria are met in anticipation of a further systeminstance at another point in the data pathway.

Therefore, as shown in FIG. 33, the system embodiment is able to receivedata from multiple sources using any number of network interfaces, andthe system is able to dynamically analyze each layer of the data,thereby ensuring that all received data is fully identified andanalyzed. The system embodiment may perform its functions at any pointin the communications pathway. This is an improvement over prior artwhich only performs perfunctory analysis at a single network interfaceon a single communications protocol, and only on data that is received,not transmitted. As such, the disclosed subject matter provides addedprotection over prior art systems. The various methods employed by thedisclosed subject matter are discussed in the following section.

By way of example, malware, viruses and other security threats caninhabit different data layers depending upon their intended target. Thesystem embodiment ensures that no layer is ignored. Once each layer isidentified and analyzed, the data may be passed to a security system forfurther analysis, such as identifying if any threats are present in thedata layers, and taking remedial action. Alternatively or inconjunction, the analysis component for each protocol may incorporate asecurity system to analyze each layer individually. Examples of howmalware may be identified and quarantined are discussed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,621, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ATTACKAND MALWARE PREVENTION,” incorporated in full herein.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many ways tocreate and install the disclosed subject matter on a mobilecommunications platform. In an embodiment, the disclosed subject matteris designed and built on a cross-platform system such as the onediscussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,626, entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A MOBILE CROSS-PLATFORM SOFTWARE SYSTEM,”incorporated in full herein. In this embodiment, data gatheringcomponents 3211 may be platform-specific, in that they may be designedto utilize the specific functionalities of the mobile communicationsdevice on which it is installed. Since different mobile communicationsdevices offer different network interfaces, the disclosed subject mattermay be customized to monitor only those network interfaces that areavailable. Additionally, one device's Bluetooth receiver may differ fromanother's, even though they may both accept the same Bluetoothprotocols. As such, by identifying and accounting for these differencesduring the platform-specific phase of development, one skilled in theart can ensure full compatibility.

On a cross-platform system, the protocol tracking component 3201 may beconsidered platform-independent or a core software component.Communications protocols are developed to encapsulate, encode, andtransport data, regardless of platform. As such, data received in aparticular protocol should not differ based upon what platform isreceiving the data. Since communications protocols are inherentlyplatform-independent, one skilled in the art can program the softwarecode for the protocol tracking component 3201 in the coreplatform-independent component of the cross-platform system.

On a cross-platform system, the protocol analysis components may beconsidered platform-independent or platform-specific, depending upon thecommunications protocol that is being analyzed. For example, someprotocols are well-defined regardless of platform, such as Bluetooth. Assuch, the respective protocol analysis components for the Bluetoothprotocol layers may be platform-independent. Conversely, some protocolsdiffer between mobile communications devices, such as text messaging orSMS. Therefore, the respective protocol analysis components for textmessaging and SMS may be platform-specific. One will appreciate that theconfiguration of the disclosed subject matter on a cross-platform systemis merely exemplary, is not intended to limit the claimed subject matterin this application or in any patent applications that are incorporatedby reference.

One skilled in the art will also appreciate that the disclosed subjectmatter need not be cross-platform, but can be built specifically for themobile communications device upon which it resides. Variations of thesoftware structure and system architecture are possible withoutdeparting from this disclosure or the scope of the claimed subjectmatter.

B. Protocol Tracking and Analysis Method

As discussed above, data may be received by the mobile communicationsdevices using one or more network interfaces, and then analyzed toidentify the one or more protocols. FIG. 34 illustrates an exemplarymethod of how received or transmitted data may be treated by the systemdescribed above. One will appreciate that the method shown in FIG. 34may performed in whole or in part by the various system componentsillustrated in FIG. 32. One will also appreciate that the steps shown inFIG. 34 need not be performed sequentially, but may be performed in adifferent order by different instances of the system illustrated in FIG.32. One will further appreciate that variations of the methodillustrated in FIG. 34 may be performed simultaneously by differentinstances of the system illustrated in FIG. 32.

In step 3401, data is intercepted or detected at a network interface,either as it is received or before it is transmitted. This data isgathered and preliminarily analyzed by a data gathering component todetermine the general protocol of the data (step 3403). Once the generalprotocol is identified, it is sent to the protocol tracking component(step 3405), which calls the appropriate protocol analysis component forthat general protocol (step 3407). The protocol analysis component mayfurther analyze, may parse the data for source and type, may performsecurity analyses (step 3409), and may then determine whether there isan additional protocol layer in the data or in a subset of the data(step 3411). If the protocol analysis component determines that the datacorresponding to that given protocol is unsafe, the whole stack ofnetwork data being analyzed may not be analyzed further and instead maybe passed to the appropriate destination (step 3413). If there is nosecurity analysis performed by the protocol analysis component or thedata is safe and the protocol analysis component determines that thereis data corresponding to another protocol present, then the protocoltracking component will call another protocol analysis component forthat additional layer. Once all of the layers have been identified andanalyzed, the data passes to the appropriate destination (step 3413).This may include sending the data for further security analysis asdiscussed above, where it may be quarantined, rejected or deleted iffound to contain malware. Alternatively, the data may be sent to theappropriate subsystem for handling, execution or storage on the mobilecommunications device (see FIG. 33). Alternatively, data may be held forfurther analysis by a respective protocol tracking component. One willappreciate that these steps need not be performed immediately after oneanother. For example, the protocol layers of a multi-layered protocolstack may be analyzed by the respective protocol analysis component 3212at any time during the data's passage through the communicationspathway, so long as each layer is analyzed before it reaches its finaldestination, regardless if the final destination is the device'soperating system subsystem or transmission out of the device.

FIG. 34 illustrates a general method of analysis using the componentsillustrated in FIG. 32. As will be discussed, the steps shown in FIG. 34may vary depending upon the type of data received or transmitted by themobile communications device. The steps may also vary depending on theformat of data received or transmitted by the mobile communicationsdevice. Each scenario is discussed further below using various examples.

1. Protocol Tracking and Analysis of Bluetooth Data

In a first example, data may be received through a mobile communicationsdevice's Bluetooth receiver (step 3401). A data gathering component forthe Bluetooth network interface will gather the data and will recognizethat it uses the Bluetooth protocol (step 3403). The data will be sentto the protocol tracking component (step 3405), which will call ageneral Bluetooth protocol analysis component (step 3407). The generalBluetooth protocol analysis component will then analyze the data (step3409) and will see if there are any other protocol layers in thereceived data (step 3411). A person having ordinary skill in the artwill recognize that Bluetooth may include additional protocol layers,including the Bluetooth Host Controller Interface (HCI), the LogicalLink Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP), the Bluetooth NetworkEncapsulation Protocol (BNEP), the Radio Frequency Communicationprotocol (RFCOMM), the Object Exchange protocol (OBEX), Ethernet, IP,TCP, HTTP and the like. As such, data transmitted using the Bluetoothprotocol can include one or more of these layers depending upon the typeand purpose of the data.

In an embodiment, there may be a specific protocol analysis componentfor each of the protocol layers identified, or in an embodiment, theremay be protocol analysis components for groups of similar protocollayers. In the Bluetooth example, there may be a protocol analysiscomponent for HCI, a separate protocol analysis component for L2CAP,another protocol analysis component for BNEP, etc. Alternatively, theremay be a protocol analysis component for Bluetooth protocols such asHCI, L2CAP and BNEP, there may be a protocol analysis component forIP-centric network protocols covering the TCP/IP and Ethernet protocolsuites, and there may be a protocol analysis component at the networkinterface stream/socket level supporting protocols such as HTTP, POP3,IMAP, and others. The disclosed subject matter may also call acombination of these two configurations, such that there is an initialBluetooth network interface packet level protocol analysis component,then additional protocol analysis components for HCI, L2CAP and BNEP,respectively. These variations of the protocol analysis componentensures that each protocol layer in a data stack is identified andanalyzed, regardless if the layer is at a high-level or low-level in thestack. This is an improvement over prior art methods that typically onlyanalyze data at the IP-based packet level. In the disclosed subjectmatter, each layer is identified until every layer has been analyzed andpassed to the appropriate destination in the mobile communicationsdevice (step 3413). Additionally, the identification and analysis ofeach layer does not have to be sequential, but may occur in differentstages.

2. Mobile Communications Device Optimization

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the size of the datareceived and transmitted on the mobile communications device can affectthe device's performance. The disclosed subject matter may be configuredto optimize the resources of the mobile communications device. Forexample, data transmitted and received as stream data is typicallycomprised of data chunks. In other words, large data files may besubdivided into chunks, and each chunk will be identifiable byassociated metadata, such as a chunk header. In the disclosed subjectmatter, the data gathering components may therefore gather these datachunks, send them to the protocol tracking component, which then sendsthem to the appropriate protocol analysis component. The protocolanalysis components may therefore analyze each received chunk, which mayonly be portions of the entire data stream. In order to ensure that theentire data stream is fully analyzed, chunks may be temporarily storedby the respective protocol analysis component until it receives the restof the data stream's chunks from the data gathering component, by way ofthe data tracking component. In other words, protocol analysiscomponents may pause analysis before proceeding further to ensure thatdata is fully analyzed. Alternatively, the protocol tracking componentmay temporarily store data stream chunks before sending them to theappropriate data analysis component.

Temporary storage may be accomplished by using one or more temporarybuffers, or may be minimized by utilizing a virtual machine. Forexample, data transmitted using the HTTP protocol is typically complex,and may not all be received sequentially or as a complete data object.As such, data gathering components can gather HTTP data as they arereceived, send them to the protocol tracking component, which may thensend them to the appropriate protocol analysis component. In thisexample, the protocol analysis components may be managed by a virtualsoftware machine. If the data received by a protocol analysis componentis incomplete, then the virtual software machine can cause that protocolanalysis component to suspend its state, and therefore its analysis andprocessing, until more data is received. Since these protocol analysiscomponents may be protocol-specific, which may in turn be networkinterface or port-specific, different protocol analysis components canbe tailored to suspend analysis or proceed or perform depending upon theprotocol or network interface or port being monitored. Temporary memorybuffers for storing portions of data may be practical for mobilecommunications devices with sufficient memory capacity. Virtual machineconfigurations, which take up less memory and resources than buffers,may be practical for less memory capacity. One will appreciate thatthere are many variations possible in order to optimize performance onthe mobile communications device. Analysis and processing may also be acombination of buffers and virtual machines (which include stackmachines, state machines, and other machine systems that can beimplemented in software), and all of the components may be performingsimultaneously or intermittently depending upon the amount and type ofdata being processed, and the capabilities of the mobile communicationsdevice.

3. Analysis of Novel Communications Protocols

As new mobile communications devices reach the market, they mayincorporate new network interfaces and new protocols. One willappreciate that embodiments are not limited to the network interfacesand communications protocols listed in the above examples.

Indeed, the disclosed subject matter has mechanisms in place to analyzeprotocols that do not fall within the categories listed above. One willappreciate that communications protocols build upon previous protocolswell-known in the industry. If the data gathering component fails toidentify an initial protocol for received data, or if the protocoltracking component cannot immediately identify the exact protocol usedby the received data, the protocol tracking component may applydeterministic analyses of the data to identify the threat level of thedata. For example, data may typically include metadata or headerinformation identifying its source, type and destination. Thisinformation may be used to heuristically determine which protocoltracking component is appropriate for analyzing the data. The system mayalso have mechanisms in place, such as a database or other storedinformation that identifies common protocol layers in a particularstack. As such, even if the layers are not immediately identifiable, thesystem may refer to this database to determine common protocol layersassociated with the data, and may analyze the data accordingly using theappropriate protocol tracking component. This flexibility enables thedisclosed subject matter to adapt to new and unknown protocols, therebyextending the applicability of the disclosed subject matter to numerousmobile communications device platforms.

4. Countering Cyber-Terrorism

One of the benefits of the disclosed subject matter is its ability todynamically analyze data by communications protocols at any stage of thecommunications pathway on mobile communications device. As such, thedisclosed subject matter provides increased monitoring and protection ofa mobile communications device where previously none existed. As notedabove, prior art methods ignore non-TCP/IP data, which exposes asignificant amount of network vulnerabilities. Because the disclosedsubject matter significantly reduces these network vulnerabilities, thedisclosed subject matter provides a significant line of defense againstcyber-terrorist attacks. Using the disclosed subject matter,cyber-terrorists will be much less able to exploit network interface orprotocol vulnerabilities on mobile communications devices. Additionally,since the disclosed subject matter protects both received andtransmitted data, cyber-terrorists will be less able to hijack orotherwise misappropriate mobile communications devices to propagatemalicious software.

One will appreciate that in the description above and throughout,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the disclosed subject matter. It will be evident,however, to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the disclosed subjectmatter may be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagramform to facilitate explanation. The description of the preferredembodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the claims appendedhereto.

A system and method identifies mobile applications that can have anadverse effect on a mobile device or mobile network. In animplementation, a server monitors behavioral data relating to a mobileapplication and applies a model to determine if the application has anadverse effect or has the potential to cause an adverse effect on amobile device or a network the mobile device may connect to. A mobiledevice may monitor behavioral data, apply a model to the data, andtransmit a disposition to the server. The server may aggregatebehavioral data or disposition information from multiple devices. Theserver may transmit or make available the disposition information to asubscriber through a web interface, API, email, or other mechanism.After identifying that an application may have an adverse effect, theserver may enact corrective actions, such as generating device ornetwork configuration data.

A specific implementation is directed to a system and methods for usinga server to provide protection from and removal of undesiredapplications or other data objects that may affect a mobilecommunications device or plurality of mobile communications devices,regardless of the make or model of the mobile communications device(s),the mobile communication network, or the software applications presenton the mobile communications device(s). As used herein, all of theservices associated with the identification, analysis, and removal ofpotentially undesired applications or other data objects, as well asmobile communications device protection are described under thenon-limiting term, “security.” Thus, an embodiment is directed toproviding security to a plurality of mobile communications devices, suchas a plurality of mobile communications devices for a group ofemployees, or a plurality of mobile communications devices that access aparticular network. An embodiment is directed to safely and securelygathering information about applications on mobile communicationsdevices without taxing individual mobile communications devices or themobile network and utilizing the information about applications tosecure mobile communications devices. An embodiment is directed to usinginformation gathered from mobile communications devices to generate useror device information that can be used to develop future products orservices for mobile communications devices. An embodiment is directed toan early warning system to detect if an application is harmful oradverse to the mobile communications device, mobile communicationsdevice network, or both based on the application's presence on a smallnumber of devices before the application is on a large number ofdevices.

In a specific embodiment, application behavioral data from two or moremobile communications devices is received and aggregated. A model isapplied to the data to determine whether or not the application wouldhave an adverse effect on a mobile communications device, network, orboth. The behavioral data may be received at a server so that thedetermination can be made at the server. The aggregated behavioral datamay be received at a mobile device so that the determination can be madeat the mobile device. Upon making the determination, dispositioninformation regarding the determination can be created for notifying asubscriber that the application would have an adverse effect on themobile device, network, or both. Configuration information can begenerated at the server and transmitted to the mobile device, network,or both, to prevent the application from adversely affecting the mobiledevice, network, or both.

This disclosure is directed to a system and methods for using a serverto provide protection from and removal of undesired applications orother data objects that may affect a mobile communications device orplurality of mobile communications devices, regardless of the make ormodel of the mobile communications device(s), the mobile communicationnetwork, or the software applications present on the mobilecommunications device(s). As used herein, all of the services associatedwith the identification, analysis, and removal of potentially undesiredapplications or other data objects, as well as mobile communicationsdevice protection are described under the non-limiting term, “security.”Thus, an embodiment is directed to providing security to a plurality ofmobile communications devices, such as a plurality of mobilecommunications devices for a group of employees, or a plurality ofmobile communications devices that access a particular network. Anembodiment is directed to safely and securely gathering informationabout applications on mobile communications devices without taxingindividual mobile communications devices or the mobile network andutilizing the information about applications to secure mobilecommunications devices. An embodiment is directed to using informationgathered from mobile communications devices to generate user or deviceinformation that can be used to develop future products or services formobile communications devices.

It should be appreciated that an embodiment can be implemented innumerous ways, including as a process, an apparatus, a system, a device,a method, a computer readable medium such as a computer readable storagemedium containing computer readable instructions or computer programcode, or as a computer program product comprising a computer usablemedium having a computer readable program code embodied therein. Onewill appreciate that the mobile communications device described hereinmay include any computer or computing device running an operating systemfor use on handheld or mobile devices, such as smartphones, PDAs,tablets, mobile phones and the like. For example, a mobilecommunications device may include devices such as the Apple iPhone®, theApple iPad®, the Palm Pre™, or any device running the Apple iOS™,Android™ OS, Google Chrome OS, Symbian OS®, Windows Mobile® OS, Palm OS®or Palm Web OS™. As used herein, the mobile communications device mayalso be referred to as a mobile device, a mobile client, or simply, as adevice or as a client.

In the context of this document, a computer usable medium or computerreadable medium may be any medium that can contain or store the programfor use by or in connection with the instruction execution system,apparatus or device. For example, the computer readable storage mediumor computer usable medium may be, but is not limited to, a random accessmemory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), or a persistent store, such as amass storage device, hard drives, CDROM, DVDROM, tape, erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or flash memory), or any magnetic,electromagnetic, infrared, optical, or electrical system, apparatus ordevice for storing information. Alternatively or additionally, thecomputer readable storage medium or computer usable medium may be anycombination of these devices or even paper or another suitable mediumupon which the program code is printed, as the program code can beelectronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of thepaper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwiseprocessed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in acomputer memory.

Applications, software programs or computer readable instructions may bereferred to as components or modules or data objects or data items.Applications may be hardwired or hard coded in hardware or take the formof software executing on a general purpose computer such that when thesoftware is loaded into and/or executed by the computer, the computerbecomes an apparatus for practicing an embodiment. Applications may alsobe downloaded in whole or in part through the use of a softwaredevelopment kit or toolkit that enables the creation and implementationof an embodiment. In this specification, these implementations, or anyother form that an embodiment may take, may be referred to astechniques. In general, the order of the steps of disclosed processesmay be altered within the scope of the claimed subject matter.

As previously mentioned, security services may be provided to one ormore mobile communications devices by a server or group of servers thatoperate together. There are many possible ways in which multiple serversmay operate together to provide security services without departing fromthe scope of this disclosure. An embodiment of this system is shown inFIG. 35, in which one or more servers 3551 communicate with one or moremobile communications devices 3501 over a cellular, wireless Internet orother network 3521. As mentioned above, mobile communications device3501 may also be referred to as a “mobile client device,” “clientdevice,” “device,” or “client,” and may be referred to in the singularor plural form. The one or more servers 3551 may have access to a datastorage 3511 that stores security information for the one or more mobilecommunications devices 3501. Data, assessment information, informationabout the mobile communications devices 3501, or other objects forstorage may be stored on servers 3551 and/or data storage 3511. Servers3551 or data storage 3511 may be singular or plural, or may be physicalor virtualized. Data storage 3511 may be a database, data table, datastructure, file system or other memory store. Data storage 3511 may behosted on any of the one or more servers 3551, or may exist externallyfrom the one or more servers 3551, so long as the one or more servers3551 have access to data storage 3511. In an embodiment, data storage3511 is an external service provided by a third-party, such as theSimple Storage Service (S3) or other products provided by Amazon WebServices, LLC. One will appreciate that the configuration of the systemillustrated in FIG. 35 is non-limiting and merely exemplary, and thatother configurations are possible without departing from thisdisclosure.

One will appreciate that communication between mobile communicationsdevice 3501 and server 3551 may utilize a variety of networkingprotocols and security measures. In an embodiment, server 3551 operatesas an HTTP server and the device 3501 operates as an HTTP client. Tosecure the data in transit, mobile communications device 3501 and server3551 may use Transaction Layer Security (“TLS”). Additionally, to ensurethat mobile communications device 3501 has authority to access server3551, and/or to verify the identity of mobile communications device3501, device 3501 may send one or more identifiers or authenticationcredentials to server 3551. For example, authentication credentials mayinclude a user name and password, device-specific credentials, or anyother data that identifies mobile communications device 3501 to server3551. Authentication may allow server 3551 to store information specificto mobile communications device 3501 or an account associated withmobile communications device 3501, to provide customized services todevice 3501, and to maintain a persistent view of the security status ofmobile communications device 3501.

In order to provide security services for mobile communications device3501, one having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that mobilecommunications device 3501 will transmit certain data to server 3551. Aswill be discussed in more detail below, server 3551 will analyze thisdata and provide a security related assessment, response and/or otheraction. The following describes the type(s) of data transmitted frommobile communications device 3501 to server 3551, the analysis performedby server 3551, and the action taken with or by mobile communicationsdevice 3501.

One will appreciate that an embodiment may exist independently on mobilecommunications device 3501, or may be incorporated into an existingsecurity system resident in the mobile communications device such as theone described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614, entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING AND ANALYZING MULTIPLE INTERFACES ANDMULTIPLE PROTOCOLS,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, and incorporated in fullherein. One having ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate thatin order to implement an embodiment on a variety of mobilecommunications device platforms, it may be necessary to incorporate across-platform system such as the one disclosed in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,626, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AMOBILE CROSS PLATFORM SOFTWARE SYSTEM,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008, andincorporated in full herein. In addition, as discussed further below,embodiments may be used to determine a security state for a mobilecommunications device 3501, as described in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/255,632, entitled “SECURE MOBILE PLATFORM SYSTEM,” filed on Oct.21, 2008, and incorporated in full herein.

One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that mobilecommunications devices are exposed to different types of data. This dataincludes network data, files, executable and non-executableapplications, emails, and other types of objects that can be transmittedto, received by, or installed on a mobile communications device. Mobilecommunications devices also typically transmit and receive data throughone or more network interfaces, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, infrared,radio receivers, and the like. Similarly, data may be encapsulated in alayered communications protocol or set of protocols, such as TCP/IP,HTTP, Bluetooth, etc. Current server-client security models, such asthose currently available for desktop and laptop computers, cannotextend their capabilities to provide adequate assessment and security toa plurality of mobile communications devices.

This disclosure contemplates at least two types of data that can be usedto evaluate and protect mobile communications devices. The first type ofdata includes data about a mobile communications device, i.e., “devicedata.” Device data pertains to the state, capabilities, operatingsystem, firmware version, memory capacity, available communicationports, battery limitations, hardware characteristics and other“baseline” information that may be common to all similar devices absentuser customization. Device data may include the default specificationsfor a device as it is received from a manufacturer, service provider, orIT service. Device data may include state information common to allsimilar mobile communications after they have all been upgraded in somefashion. As will be discussed further below, device data may be used toevaluate whether vulnerabilities exist due to unguarded communicationports, operating system exploits, device-specific attacks, and the like.

A second type of data that can be used to evaluate mobile communicationsdevices is data that pertains to a particular application, file, orobject that may be installed or run on a mobile communications device.As used herein, this data is referred to as “application data.”Application data includes both data objects and information about dataobjects, such as behavioral data or metadata. Data objects includeapplication packages that may be particular to certain mobilecommunications devices. For example, iPhone OS devices typically use IPAfiles or APP packages, Android OS devices typically use APK files,Windows Mobile devices typically use CAB, EXE or DLL files, and SymbianOS devices typically use SIS files. Devices may also supportcross-platform application formats such as the SWF format underlyingAdobe's Flash runtime or JAR files that can be run on Java virtualmachines.

Application data includes data objects that are malware or spyware, andthereby can negatively affect a mobile communications device. Malwareand spyware include applications, files, and other data objects that arepurposefully designed to adversely affect or steal information from amobile communications device. Application data also includes dataobjects that are not designed for nefarious reasons, but may have codingflaws or other issues that can negatively affect a device. Applicationdata also includes data objects that may be undesirable for variousreasons. For example, a data object may be undesirable because itcompromises privacy, overtaxes a device's battery or network connection,and/or has objectionable content. As used herein, “data objects” mayalso be referred to as “data items.” Use of either term is not intendedto limit the data to any one form.

Application data includes metadata about data objects. For example,metadata is information about a specific data object, rather than thedata object itself. Metadata includes the location on a mobilecommunications device's filesystem where a data object is stored, a hashof the data object, the name of the data object, a unique identifierpresent in or associated with the data object such as a GUID or UUID,security information related to the data object such as itscryptographic signer information or level of permissions granted, andcharacteristics of how the data object is installed on or integrateswith the mobile communications device's operating system. Metadata for adata object may also include from where the data object came (e.g., aURL from where it was downloaded, an application marketplace from whichit was downloaded, a memory card from where it was installed or stored.Metadata may also be retrieved from an application marketplace. Suchmetadata, called marketplace metadata, includes information about a dataobject such as the number of downloads, user comments about the dataobject, the description of the data object, permissions requested by thedata object, hardware or software requirements for the data object,information about the data object's author, the price of the dataobject, the language or languages supported by the data object, andother information that a marketplace may provide.

In an embodiment, application data also includes behavioral data.Behavioral data includes information about how an application interactswith or uses a mobile communications device's resources, such as memoryusage, battery usage, network usage, storage usage, CPU usages, APIusage, errors and crashes, network services connected to (e.g., remotehost address and port), and runtime library linkage. Behavioral dataalso includes information about how an application, file or data object,when it is run, utilizes the functionalities of the mobilecommunications device's operating system, such as notifications andmessaging between processes or installed applications.

As will be explained further below, both device data and applicationdata are useful for providing an assessment of the security of a devicebased upon the data stored (e.g., installed applications) or passingthrough the device. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat device data and application data are merely examples of the typesof data that may used in order to safeguard a mobile communicationsdevice or provide other functions related to a mobile communicationsdevice. Other types of data may also be evaluated by the disclosedsystem without departing from the scope of this disclosure. As usedherein, the term assessment refers to information relating to a dataobject that may be used to evaluate or otherwise further understand adata object's operation or effect of operation. For example, anassessment may include a determination that an application is maliciousor non-malicious, bad or good, unsafe or safe, or that an applicationmay appear on a blacklist or whitelist. An assessment may includecategorization or characterization data for a data object, ratings suchas security ratings, privacy ratings, performance ratings, qualityratings, and battery impact ratings for a data object, trust ratings fora data object, distribution data for a data object. Assessments mayresult from collecting and/or processing data by server 3551 and may beexposed by server 3551 to users or other systems via an API, userinterfaces, data feeds, or other methods. One will appreciate that theprevious description for an “assessment” is not meant to be limiting inany fashion.

A. Device Data Collection

A. Device Data Collection, Models, and Remediation

What follows is a discussion about how device data and application dataare collected and stored, according to an embodiment. In general, thefollowing discussion includes communications between server 3551 andmobile communications devices 3501 over network 3521. Any datatransmitted or received during these communications may be stored onserver 3551 or on data storage 3511. In an embodiment, data stored ondata storage 3511 or server 3551 is associated with a particular accountor device known to the system. The association between data and a deviceor account may allow server 3551 to provide tailored functionality forthe account or device based on previously received data. In anembodiment, some or all of the data is stored on server 3551 or datastorage 3511 with an anonymous association to a particular account ordevice. For example, data may be stored with an anonymous associationfor privacy purposes so that examination of the data on server 3551 ordata store 3511 cannot tie the anonymously-associated data to aparticular account or device; however, a device can populate and updatethis anonymously-associated data. Anonymous associations are describedin further detail below. In an embodiment, server 3551 will requestinformation from mobile communications devices 3501, which will respondwith the requested information. In an embodiment, a mobilecommunications device 3501 will transmit device data and/or applicationdata to server 3551 for analysis and assessment. For example, a user ofmobile communications device 3501 may wish to download a file to hisdevice, but prior to installing the file, may wish to send the file oridentifying data associated with the file to the server 3551 in order tocheck if the file is malicious or otherwise undesirable. Server 3551will then analyze this received information in order to provide asecurity assessment that is available to any of the mobilecommunications devices 3501. In another example, it may be useful toknow how an assessed data object will affect the performance or behaviorof a mobile communications device, the assessment containing informationsuch as average battery impact or average network usage of the dataobject. In an embodiment, server 3551 stores assessments of data objectsafter analysis and can provide access to these assessments in a numberof ways. The analysis performed by server 3551 will be discussed furtherbelow. The process by which server 3551 provides access to assessmentinformation will be also be discussed further below.

What follows is a discussion about how device data and application dataare collected and stored, according to an embodiment. In general, thefollowing discussion includes communications between server 3551 andmobile communications devices 3501 over network 3521. Any datatransmitted or received during these communications may be stored onserver 3551 or on data storage 3511. In an embodiment, data stored ondata storage 3511 or server 3551 is associated with a particular accountor device known to the system. The association between data and a deviceor account may allow server 3551 to provide tailored functionality forthe account or device based on previously received data. In anembodiment, some or all of the data is stored on server 3551 or datastorage 3511 with an anonymous association to a particular account ordevice. For example, data may be stored with an anonymous associationfor privacy purposes so that examination of the data on server 3551 ordata store 3511 cannot tie the anonymously-associated data to aparticular account or device; however, a device can populate and updatethis anonymously-associated data. Anonymous associations are describedin further detail below. In an embodiment, server 3551 will requestinformation from mobile communications devices 3501, which will respondwith the requested information. In an embodiment, a mobilecommunications device 3501 will transmit device data and/or applicationdata to server 3551 for analysis and assessment. For example, a user ofmobile communications device 3501 may wish to download a file to hisdevice, but prior to installing the file, may wish to send the file oridentifying data associated with the file to the server 3551 in order tocheck if the file is malicious or otherwise undesirable. Server 3551will then analyze this received information in order to provide asecurity assessment that is available to any of the mobilecommunications devices 3501. The server 3551 can apply a model to atleast some of the obtained behavioral data for the data object. Inanother example, it may be useful to know how an assessed data objectwill affect the performance or behavior of a mobile communicationsdevice, the assessment containing information such as average batteryimpact or average network usage of the data object. In an embodiment,server 3551 stores assessments of data objects after analysis and canprovide access to these assessments in a number of ways. The analysisperformed by server 3551 will be discussed further below. The process bywhich server 3551 provides access to assessment information will be alsobe discussed further below.

To prevent taxing network 3521 and server 3551 with network traffic,various methods may be used to reduce the amount of data requested byand transmitted to server 3551. For example, rather than transmittingwhole data objects, such as application files or application packages,for analysis, hashing functions or hashing algorithms may be applied todata and the resulting hash of the data may be sent to the server 3551.The server 3551 may use the hash to uniquely identify the data object.If the server has previously performed an assessment of the data objectidentified by the hash, the server 3551 may return that previousassessment if it is still valid. If the server 3551 has not yetperformed an assessment for the data object, the server 3551 may returna response indicating that the assessment is unknown and/or requestadditional data from the mobile communications device 3501. One havingordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a hashing algorithm willtransform an arbitrary amount of data into a fixed length identifier.For example, the SHA-1 hashing algorithm can digest an arbitrary amountof input data into a 160-bit hash. In another example, metadata besidesa hash of the data object may be sent in lieu of a data object itself,e.g., metadata for an application may be sent for an assessment ratherthan the whole application. In many cases, metadata, such as a packagename, application name, file name, file size, permissions requested,cryptographic signer, download source, a unique identifier such as aUUID, and other information may be sufficient as identifying informationfor a data object; thus, if server 3551 receives appropriate identifyinginformation, it can determine if the data object is undesirable. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate that there are a variety of methodsby which a data object can be identified in such a way that can allowserver 3551 to determine if a data object installed on device 3501 ismalicious without having to transmit the entire data object to server3551.

In an embodiment, server 3551 may request portions of a data object,rather than a complete data object. A whole data object may betransmitted incrementally such that network 3521 is not burdened bynetwork traffic. Alternatively or additionally, server 3551 may requestinformation about a particular application, but may query a group ofmobile communications devices that each has this application. In thismanner, server 3551 may receive a portion, or “chunk” of data from onemobile communications device, and another portion of data from a secondmobile communications device, and so forth, as necessary. Server 3551may then aggregate this information as it is being received, therebypooling from a number of mobile communications device having theapplication/file data without taxing any specific mobile communicationsdevice. An example of this method is discussed further below.

FIG. 36A is a general overview of the transmission of different types ofdata between a mobile communications device 3501 and server 3551. AsFIG. 36A shows, in block 3601, mobile communications device 3501 sendsapplication data to server 3551, which receives this data (block 3603).In this embodiment, mobile communications device sends identifying orauthentication information to server 3551 so that server 3551 canreference previously stored identifying or authentication informationabout mobile communications device 3501, store and retrieve dataassociated with the mobile communications device 3501, and specificallyidentify or authenticate mobile communications device 3501 amongst othermobile communications devices.

In an embodiment, server 3551 sends a notification to mobilecommunications device 3501 (block 3605). This notification can be analert, a message, an instruction or other information related toapplication data or device data specific to mobile communications device3501. In an embodiment, the notification is due to the device previouslyhaving sent application data corresponding to a data object that was notinitially assessed by the server 3551 to be undesirable but wassubsequently determined by the server 3551 to be undesirable. In block3607, mobile communications device 3501 receives the notification, andin block 3609, the mobile communications device 3501 takes action basedupon the notification. As will be discussed in more detail below, suchactions may include deactivating one or more features or applications onthe mobile communications device 3501.

One having skill in the art will appreciate that the interaction betweenmobile communications device 3501 and server 3551 can includecommunication from the mobile communications device to the server, aswell as from the server to the mobile communications device. Forexample, in an embodiment, server 3551 may receive application data frommobile communications device 3501, but server 3551 may requireadditional information before providing an assessment or transmitting anotification. In block 3611, server 3551 may request the additionalinformation from mobile communications device 3501. Mobilecommunications device receives the request (block 3613), gathersadditional information as requested by server 3551 (block 3615), then inblock 3617, transmits the additional information to server 3551. Inblock 3619, server 3551 receives the requested additional information.One will appreciate that this process may repeat as necessary.

In an embodiment, the server 3551 is in communication with a pluralityof mobile communications devices 3501 operating in a mobilecommunications device network. The server 3551 monitors behavioral datafor a data object accessed by at least one mobile communications device.The behavioral data is stored in a data store accessible by the server3551. When it is making an assessment of the data object, the server3551 accesses the stored behavioral data and applies a model to at leastsome portion of the stored data. The purpose of the model is todetermine whether or not the data object would have an adverse effect onthe at least one mobile communications device network, or at least onemobile communications device. If the application of the model to atleast a portion of the behavioral data indicates that the data objectwould have an adverse impact upon the mobile communications device orthe mobile communications device network, the server creates dispositioninformation (relating to an assessment of the data object) that can bestored and communicated to system subscribers who want to be informedabout data objects that will adversely effect either the mobilecommunications device (specific one or specific device type) or a mobilecommunications device network.

In this embodiment, the behavioral data can be correlated to mobilecommunications device data for at least one of the mobile communicationsdevices that accessed the data object. The disposition information canbe sent to the subscriber as a data feed, an e-mail, a text message, orit can be published as a web interface accessible to the subscriber.

More specifically, FIG. 36B shows a block diagram of a specificembodiment of a system for analyzing behavioral data gathered from themobile communications devices. The system accepts as input behavioraldata 3650 from one or more client devices 3501 and outputs aggregatedbehavioral data result 3653, disposition information 3654, or both.

In particular, as shown in FIG. 36B, a monitoring program 3656 is at theclient. The client may include any number of application programs suchas application program A, application program B, and so forth which aremonitored by the monitoring program. Some examples of applicationprograms which the monitoring program may monitor include Bump®,Facebook®, Foursquare®, Geodelic®, Goggles, Layar®, and many others.

In this specific embodiment, the server includes an aggregation engine3658 and a determination engine 3660. The determination engine includesmodels such as model A, model B, and model C.

The monitoring program at the client transmits to the server behavioraldata based on the monitoring of the one or more application programs atthe client. In a specific embodiment, the behavioral data is inputted tothe determination engine as individual behavioral data. That is, theinput of the behavioral data is non-aggregated behavioral data, i.e., isfrom a single client or single application program on the client.

The determination engine, upon receiving the behavioral data applies amodel to the behavioral data to determine whether the applicationprogram associated with the behavioral data would have an adverse effecton the client, the network, or both. For example, network operators canuse the information provided by the system to detect applications thatare causing problems on the user client devices, to detect deviceincompatibilities with particular applications, and to detectapplications that may adversely affect mobile network performance oravailability. Enterprises may use the information to determine whatservice is acceptable. Further, the information may be used to determinemalfunctioning devices.

As an example, model A may include a policy that specifies the thresholdlimit for network usage is a rate of 100 megabytes per day. If thebehavioral data indicates that the application's network usage is abovethis threshold limit then the application can be flagged as adverselyaffecting the network or having the potential to adversely affect thenetwork.

As another example, a given cell network may be able to handle 20megabits per second of downstream data transfer (i.e. data downloaded toa mobile communications device). If a single application constantly uses5 megabits per second, a single user would not cause an adverse effect,though 5 users would. The system can identify the potential adverseeffect upon the first user using the application program, rather thanwaiting for the network to actually be adversely effected. Thus, in anetwork adversity analysis, the device or application behavior itself isnot adverse, but the behavior is a characteristic, which, if widelydeployed, would be problematic. In another example, the rate at which anapplication causes data connections on a mobile communications devicenetwork to be opened may be used to determine adverse behavior. In aspecific embodiment, the connection rate (i.e., how often does theapplication program attempt to transfer data over the network) is usedto detect if the application program is harmful or adverse. In anembodiment, the connection rate determination takes into accountinformation such as the packet size, duration, and frequency of anapplication's network data transfers that can be used to determinewhether or not an application causes state transitions of a mobilecommunications device's cellular network radio. For example, if anapplication transmits or receives network data in a manner that causesan undesirable number of radio state transitions on a cellular radio,that application may be considered harmful or adverse. In anotherspecific embodiment, the connection rate is used in combination withother behavioral data such as the amount of data transmitted andreceived by the application program, the number of mobile communicationsdevices on which the application is installed, and so forth.

Alternatively, the system can identify the actual adverse effect ratherthan the potential to have such an effect given the behavioral data. Asa further example, for adverse effects that are contained on the device(e.g., battery overuse, crashes, slowness, or sluggish applicationresponse), the system can detect a potential adverse effect based on thebehavioral data (e.g., using more battery than typical applications,high CPU utilization) or detect the actual adverse effect (e.g., thedevice running out of battery, crashes occurring, UI waitingnotifications).

The output of the system can include disposition information (e.g., adetermination that a particular application may have an adverse effecton the network, client, or both). In a specific embodiment, thedisposition information includes an adverseness score 3665 of theapplication program. For example, an adverseness score value of 80 mayindicate that the application is very likely to be adverse. In contrast,a lower adverseness score value, such as 20, may indicate that theapplication is less likely to be adverse.

The adverseness score may indicate a degree of adverseness orintrusiveness. For example, a score of 95 may indicate that theapplication program is very intrusive (e.g., application program tracksthe client's precise location using a global positioning system (GPS) ormobile network and sends or transmits the location off the client; orthe application program has access to information that can be used toidentify the user of the client including the user's mobile number andclient serial number).

The disposition information may instead or additionally include anadverse/non-adverse result 3667, i.e., a binary result that indicateswhether the application program is adverse or not adverse. Thedisposition information may be generated automatically based on theanalysis of the behavioral data.

The disposition information can be made available to system users by anynumber of techniques. In an embodiment, the information is published ona website such as a website maintained by the system or a third-partywebsite (e.g., Facebook®). A user can access the website or webpage toview the information, download the information, or both. In one specificembodiment, the information is publicly available on the website. Inanother specific embodiment, the disposition information or at least aportion of the disposition information is not publicly available. Forexample, the user may need to login to the website via a username andpassword. In another embodiment, the user may also have to be a servicesubscriber.

In another specific embodiment, the disposition information istransmitted from the server to a user such as via e-mail, text message,a tweet via Twitter®, a data feed (e.g., Really Simple Syndication(RSS)), or combinations of these in order to notify the user. In anotherspecific embodiment, an application programming interface (API) with orwithout an API key required is provided so that other software servicescan access and use the information provided by the system.

A user who receives or is given access to the disposition informationmay be referred to as a subscriber. A subscriber does not necessarilyneed to have the application referenced in the disposition informationinstalled on a mobile communications device. For example, the subscribermay be interested in keeping abreast of trends in applicationdevelopment, regardless of whether or not the subscriber has theapplication. In a specific embodiment, subscribing to the dispositioninformation includes making a payment. The payment may be a one-timepayment, a monthly payment, an annual payment, and so forth.

In another specific embodiment, the subscription is without cost to theuser, but the user must complete a signup process where the user entersinformation such as their name and e-mail address. As part of thedisposition information subscription process, the user may be asked tocomplete a marketing survey. The survey can request information such asthe user's age, birthday, address, what products the user typicallyuses, what websites the user typically visits, or combinations of these.There can be a promotional period in which the disposition informationis provided without charge, but afterwards payment is required in orderto continue to receive the disposition information. Alternatively, thedisposition information or a portion of the disposition information maybe provided as a free, publicly available service. Dispositioninformation provided without charge may be accompanied by advertisementssuch as banner ads embedded with the disposition information.

A software system that registers to receive information about one ormore applications may also be referred to as a subscriber or asubscriber agent. In other words, a subscriber may be software or asoftware program (e.g., executable code) that communicates with theserver via an API. In an embodiment, the subscriber can register toreceive information about all applications or about specificapplications. For example, the server may, by default, notify asubscriber (e.g. a user or software system) about any applications thatare considered to be adverse, but allow configuration of a subset ofapplications for the subscriber to subscribe to. This configuration orpreferences information may be stored at the server or client. Thus, afirst subscriber may be notified by the server about a first set ofapplications considered to be adverse, based on the configuration orpreferences information of the first subscriber. A second subscriber maybe notified by the server about a second set of applications consideredto be adverse, based on the configuration or preferences information ofthe second subscriber, where the second set of applications is differentfrom the first set of applications. Allowing subscribers to choose theapplications that they want to receive information about helps to ensurethat the subscribers are not overloaded with information. A subscribercan register to receive information about a specific application, acategory of applications (e.g., games, entertainment, news,productivity, search tools, social networking, or sports), applicationsfrom a specific developer or company, or combinations of these.

Generally, the disposition information, behavioral data, post-aggregateddata (e.g., aggregated behavioral data and aggregated determinations),other intermediate output, or any combinations of these is saved orstored on server 3551 (or at a storage location accessible by theserver) so that the data can be accessed at a later time. For example,it may be desirable to later access the data to perform a statisticalanalysis or other studies or analyses. Such studies or analyses may bebased on data accumulated over a period of several months or years. Theinformation may be saved or stored in nonvolatile memory or otherpersistent storage medium (e.g., hard disk, optical disc, flash memory,and so forth).

In another specific embodiment, the behavioral data is aggregated by theaggregation engine before the data is received as input to thedetermination engine. In a specific embodiment, the aggregatedbehavioral data is from two or more different client devices, i.e.,multiple devices. In this specific embodiment, a model operates on thebehavioral data from the two or more different client devices, i.e., theaggregated behavioral data. The aggregated behavioral data may be storedusing a variety of data stores such as in a file or database table. Forexample, the data may be stored in a purpose-built binary file format orusing a database system such as SQLite, MySQL™, or HBase. Theaggregation engine can add behavioral data from first and second clientdevices to a table. Table B below shows an example of aggregatedbehavioral data.

TABLE B Network Usage Rate Client Application Program (megabytes perday) 1 Application Program A 125 2 Application Program A 105 3Application Program A 130 4 Application Program B 20 5 ApplicationProgram B 10 6 Application Program A 90 7 Application Program B 25

As shown in the example table B above, the table specifies theapplication program installed at the client and behavioral dataassociated with the application program. That is, the behavioral data iscorrelated to the client device that accessed the application program.In this example, the behavioral data includes an indication of thenetwork usage of the application program. For example, client 1 includesapplication program A where the network usage rate by applicationprogram A at client 1 is 125 megabytes per day. Client 2 includesapplication program A also where the network usage rate by applicationprogram A at client 2 is 100 megabytes per day, and so forth. Thenetwork usage rate may be an average or rolling average that iscalculated over a specific period of time (e.g., 1 week, 2 weeks, 1month, 10 days, 1 hour, or 8 hours). For example, the network usage rateof 125 megabytes per day for application program A at client 1 may be anaverage based on the application's daily usage of the network over a oneweek period. The specific period of time may be consecutive units oftime or nonconsecutive units of time (e.g., 10 business days).

In this specific embodiment, the determination engine takes as input theaggregated behavioral data and applies a model to make determinations ofadverseness. The model can specify, for example, that if 10 percent ormore of the time a particular application is installed it uses more than100 megabytes per day, then it is considered potentially adverse.

For example, analyzing application program A via the model may includeidentifying a number of installs of the application program. In thisexample, application program A is installed on clients 1, 2, 3, and 6.So, there is a total of 4 installs of application program A. As shown intable B above, application program A's network usage rate exceeded 100megabytes per day at clients 1, 2, and 3. So, there is a total of 3instances or occasions where application program A's network usage rateexceeded 100 megabytes per day. Thus, the percent of time theapplication (or percent of application A installs) where the usage rateexceeded 100 megabytes per day is 75 percent (i.e., 3 instancesexceeding 100 megabytes per day divided by 4 total installs equals 75percent). Thus, application program A according to the model isdetermined to have or potentially have adverse effects because 75percent of the time the application program is installed it uses morethan 100 megabytes per day.

In contrast, as shown above in table B, the network usage rate forapplication program B falls well below the 10 percent/100 megabytes perday threshold limitations. So, application program B would not beflagged as being adverse.

Thus, the disposition information indicates that application program Ais (or has the potential to be) adverse. The information or indicationmay be used to notify a network administrator so that the administratorcan examine the outputted aggregate behavioral data more closely. Thedisposition information may indicate that application program B is notadverse.

Table B above showed an example where network usage rate was calculatedas a daily rate. However, it should be appreciated that the usage ratemay instead be calculated on a more granular level such as per minute,per hour, or for a particular time period during the day such as 10:00am to 11:00 am. The determination engine can analyze such aggregatedbehavioral data to characterize an application as potentially adversebased on factors such as the number of instances, installations, ordownloads of the application program, the network usage rate for aspecific time period, rate of open connections, and so forth. Thedetermination engine can scan or traverse the aggregated data andcorrelate such factors to identify relationships between two or morefactors to make determinations of adverseness.

For example, an application program that had a moderate network usagerate but whose usage was concentrated during a particular time period(e.g., 10:00 am to 11:00 am) may be characterized as adverse if there isa very high number installations. Thus, even though the application'snetwork usage rate is moderate, the high number of installations anddata indicating that most of the users use the application around thesame time period can result in the application program beingcharacterized as adverse. In contrast, an application program that had avery high network usage rate, but whose usage was scattered throughoutthe day or occurred during off-peak hours, may not be characterized asadverse because usage of the application is unlikely to degrade thenetwork.

Generally, to characterize an application program, a model is applied toat least a portion of the behavioral data collected from one or moreclient devices, such as two or more different client devices. The modelspecifies which specific collected behavioral data points of anapplication program should be analyzed to determine whether theapplication program will be characterized as adverse. Examples ofcollected behavioral data include information indicating network usage,number of open connections, amount of time the user spent using theapplication program, what time during the day the application programwas used, what other application programs are on the device, what otherapplication programs were being concurrently executed, user id, orinformation about the sensitive actions performed by the applicationprogram (e.g., accessing GPS unit of device, application accessing adirectory of contacts stored on device, application accessing deviceconfiguration information, application accessing system registry files,or application accessing personal user information stored on device). Amodel can use any combination of this behavioral data in order tocharacterize an application program. Further, when characterizing anapplication program, a model may use in combination with behavioral dataother data as well such as evaluations or ratings of the applicationprogram from other sources.

In a specific embodiment, the determination engine analyzes rawbehavioral data. In another specific embodiment, the aggregation engineprocesses or preprocesses the behavioral data before a model is appliedto the aggregated behavioral data. In a specific embodiment, theprocessing includes generating a data distribution, probability curve,average (e.g., average battery consumption across two or more devices),rolling average, weighted average, ratios, or some other statistical ornon-statistical calculation, or combinations of these. Thus, forexample, a model of the determination engine may operate on a normalizedform of the data such as a histogram rather than the raw behavioraldata.

A data distribution can identify the number of devices that reported avariable as X, the number of devices that reported a variable as Y, andso forth. In a specific embodiment, a data distribution is generatedbased on device battery consumption. The data distribution calculationcan indicate the number of occurrences or frequency at which anapplication program was found to have consumed certain amounts ofbattery.

The behavioral data collected at the client may be transmitted to theserver by any number of techniques. In a specific embodiment, thebehavioral data is transmitted from the client to the server based on apredetermined schedule such as during off-peak hours to reduce load onthe network. Alternatively, the behavioral data may be transmitted inreal-time. In an embodiment, the frequency at which behavioral data istransmitted is based on the release date of the application, developerof the application, or both. For new applications, behavioral data maybe sent more frequently as compared to old applications since there islikely to be more uncertainty with new applications. Certain applicationdevelopers may be identified as consistently developing applicationsthat are abusive. So, in an embodiment, applications from thesedevelopers will have their behavioral data sent more frequently so as tokeep a closer watch on these applications.

Behavioral data may be transmitted using a push-model from the client tothe server. Alternatively, the data may be transmitted using apull-model in which the server requests the data from the client. In anembodiment, the system employs statistical techniques to gatherbehavioral data of a representative sample or a statisticallysignificant number of the devices. Limiting the amount of behavioraldata to a representative sample as compared to gathering data from everysingle device helps to reduce network load. Alternatively, data may begathered from every single device. Further details of behavioral datacollection is described in the discussion below that accompanies FIG.41.

As shown in FIG. 36B, in another specific embodiment, determinations ofadverseness from the determination engine are inputted to theaggregation engine to be aggregated 3670. It may be desirable todetermine if an application's adverseness on a particular device beforedetermining if the application is generally considered adverse. Forexample, a model for determining adverseness may need to take intoaccount multiple data sources relative to a particular device ratherthan operating on aggregate data. Aggregating the determinations canallow for an overall determination of adverseness of an applicationprogram based on the number of times the application program is flaggedby the determination engine. Specifically, if there are 100installations of an application program, but the application program wasflagged only 2 times by the determination engine then the applicationprogram may not be categorized as being adverse. But, if the applicationprogram was flagged 80 times by the determination engine, theapplication program may be categorized as being adverse.

In some cases, determinations of adverseness are based on multiplefactors (e.g., peak data rate, average data rate, or data transfer) thatmay be interrelated. There can be any number of factors, e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, or more than 4 factors. These factors determine the characterizationof an application program as adverse or not adverse. In cases wheremultiple factors are involved it may be desirable to make adetermination before an aggregation is performed to reduce thecomplexity of the calculations, and to reduce the probability that somedata will be lost such as through averaging out and rounding errors.Thus, analyzing behavioral data of a single device can help to ensuregranularity. After a determination is made for the single device or theapplication on the device, the determinations can be aggregated toobtain a macro view or overall determination of whether or not anapplication should be characterized as adverse.

In another specific embodiment, the aggregation engine aggregatesbehavioral data from two or more application programs on a singledevice. Table C below shows an example of aggregating behavioral datafrom two or more applications on a single client device where theaggregated behavioral data includes an indication of the amount ofbattery consumption by the application program.

TABLE C Rate of Battery Consumption Application Program (milliwatt-hoursper hour) Application Program A 100 Application Program B 90 ApplicationProgram C 125 Application Program D 60 Application Program E 150

As shown in the example of table C above, application program A consumesa battery of a client device at a rate of 100 milliwatt-hours per hour,application program B consumes the battery at a rate of 90milliwatt-hours per hour, and so forth. Because it may not be possibleto directly measure the battery consumption of a particular applicationon a mobile communications device, it may be desirable to estimate thebattery consumption based on measurable characteristics. In anembodiment, battery consumption is estimated based on general ordevice-specific battery consumption in relation to measurablecharacteristics. For example, measurable characteristics may include anapplication's CPU time, GPS usage time, data transfer over particularnetwork types, network traffic (e.g., amount of data or connection rateinformation for data that the application program receives, transmits,or both over the network), and any modification to the device's powerstate. One will appreciate that the battery consumption estimation maytake place in a variety of places, such as part of a determinationengine, part of gathering behavioral data, or part of an aggregationengine.

The aggregated behavioral data can be inputted to the determinationengine so that the determination engine can apply a model to determinewhich application program on the client consumes the most batterycapacity. In this example, the model identifies application program E asconsuming the most battery capacity as compared to application programsA, B, C, and D. A user of the client device may then receive a warningmessage from the system that application program E consumes a very largeamount of battery capacity as compared to other applications on theclient device. Thus, the user will know that when using applicationprogram E, the application program will deplete the device's batterylife faster than when using the other application programs and the usercan tailor their use of the application program appropriately.

In another specific embodiment, a model includes a points system todetermine whether the application program will have an adverse effect.Application program activities or operations are assigned a specificnumber of points. When the number of points an application programaccumulates exceeds a threshold limit the application program isdetermined to have an adverse effect on the network, mobilecommunications device, or both.

For example, a first rule of the model may specify that each megabyte ofnetwork usage per day is 1 point. A second rule of the model may specifythat each connection per minute is 2 points. A third rule of the modelmay specify that when the total number of points an application programaccumulates is greater than a threshold limit of 100 points, theapplication program is determined to have an adverse effect.

In this example, a first input to the model is the application's networkusage such as 90 megabytes per day which is assessed 90 points based onthe first rule. A second input to the model is the number of connectionssuch as 10 connections per minute which is assessed 20 points based onthe second rule. The sum of the points is 110 points (90 points+20points=110 points). So, based on the third rule the application programis determined to have an adverse effect because 110 points is greaterthan the 100 point limit specified in the third rule. Thus, in thisexample, a combination of network data usage and a total number ofconnections are inputs into a model that determines if an applicationhas an adverse effect.

In another specific embodiment, separate models may be applied fordifferent network types. In this specific embodiment, model B is usedfor Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks. Model C is used forGlobal System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks. Models B and Cmay have different network usage rate thresholds, different connectionrate thresholds, or both which trigger a determination of whether theapplication program will have an adverse effect. For example, model Bmay be applied where the device data indicates a CDMA network. Model Bmay categorize application programs that use more than 100 megabytes perday as having an adverse effect. Model C may be applied where the devicedata indicates a GSM network. Model C may categorize applicationprograms that make more than 500 connections per hour as having anadverse effect.

Some networks may be more sensitive to certain types of applicationprogram operations as compared to other networks. Thus, selecting whichmodel to apply based on the type of network can be desirable because ithelps to determine the adverseness of an application on a particularnetwork type. Similarly, selecting which model to apply may be based onthe type of client device, carrier, or both. For example, carrier A(e.g., AT&T) may specify network usage thresholds that are differentfrom another carrier B (e.g., Verizon). In an embodiment, if a mobilecommunications device is capable of operating on multiple network types(e.g., General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Wi-Fi), behavioral datafor an application differentiates network behavior based on network typeso that separate models may be applied for different network types. Forexample, if a network-intensive application only makes large datatransfers over Wi-Fi, then a model for determining adverseness of theapplication on a GPRS network would only specify thresholds for theportion of the application's network traffic that is occurs on a GPRSnetwork.

In an embodiment, the threshold limits of the models such as networkdata usage and number of connections are user-configurable. That is, anadministrator can configure data usage thresholds, connectionthresholds, or both that, when exceeded, will consider or determine theexceeding application abusive.

In a specific embodiment, the system includes a fuzzy logic system thattakes multiple types of network usage metrics to produce an adversenessrating because it may be desirable to have a more granular assessment ofadverseness rather than a simple binary result. For example, the systemmay take as inputs the application's average data transmission rate, theapplication's highest amount of data transmitted in a minute, theapplication's average connection rate, and the application's highestnumber of connections in a minute. One skilled in the art willappreciate that the system may use a variety of techniques to produce afuzzy adverseness rating. For example, the model may have an equationthat determines a fuzzy adverseness rating from the inputs or the modelmay use data resulting from machine learning, such as a series ofmembership functions that, when applied to a given set up inputs,produce a fuzzy adverseness rating.

FIG. 36B shows three models, however, it should be appreciated thatthere can be any number of models. A model can represent therelationships and interdependencies among the variables which can affectthe network and can be used to determine whether a particularapplication is likely or unlikely to adversely affect the network. Amodel can include one or more rules having a conditional statement andaction, e.g., if X then do Y, else do Z, an application policy thatincludes a behavioral limitation such as a threshold limit on the rateof open connections, or both. A model can be used to simulate networkeffects, perform forecasting, or a what-if analysis based on theaggregated behavioral data. In a specific embodiment, a networkadministrator can alter a portion of the aggregated behavioral data tocreate a what-if scenario for application of the model. The output ofthe model allows the administrator to see how alterations or changes inbehavior are likely to affect the network. Some examples of changing thebehavioral data for predictive modeling include increasing or decreasingthe number of users using an application program, increasing ordecreasing the number of users using an application program during aspecific time period, and so forth. This feature allows networkadministrators to be able to predict the probability of an outcome andensure that the network remains operational.

The aggregated behavioral data exposed by the server or outputted isreferred to as aggregated behavioral data result 3653. The result dataincludes the data which led the system to determine an application'sadverseness (e.g., application transmits an average of 100 megabits ofdata per minute and opens 10 connections per second). In variousembodiments, the data is made available as raw data, a web page, an APIresponse, provided as a report, or combinations of these. Generally, theformat can be in any externally consumable format that can bemachine-readable or readable by a human. For example, the result may beprovided as a report (e.g., pdf report, or printed report) for a networkadministrator. The report may include text, metrics, graphs, tables, orcharts. The report can help the administrator to identify thoseapplications that use the most network resources. In such cases, theadministrator may seek to start charging or impose additional costs forthe use of those applications.

The administrator may be associated with a specific network carrier(e.g., AT&T or Verizon). The aggregated behavioral data result and thedisposition information help to provide an early warning to suchadministrators so that the administrators can take corrective action ifneeded. Such action can include contacting the application developer,developing a partnership with the developer, pulling or removing theapplication program from the marketplace (e.g., Android marketplace),blocking the application from running on the devices, developing aresponse plan to ensure that if additional users download theapplication that the network will not be adversely affected (e.g., lossof a cell tower), or combinations of these. The information provided bythe system can allow carrier network administrators to identify whichapplications are slowing down the network, devices, or both. Further,the information can be used to identify bugs in the devices that causean application to malfunction. If the information indicates that aspecific application is especially popular, the carrier can work withthe developer to optimize the application for the carrier's devices.

FIG. 36C shows a block diagram of another specific embodiment of asystem for analyzing behavioral data. FIG. 36C is similar to FIG. 36B,but in FIG. 36C a determination engine 3676 is at the client devicewhereas in FIG. 36B, the determination engine is at the server. Theimplementation in FIG. 36B may be referred to as a server-sideimplementation of the determination engine. The implementation in FIG.36C may be referred to as a client-side implementation of thedetermination engine.

Having the determination engine on the client device allows adetermination of whether or not an application is adverse or abusive tobe made on the client device. This can be useful in cases where, forexample, the user is unable to connect to the network, the determinationengine uses a large amount of data from the device that is undesirableto transmit over the network, there is a large amount of complexbehavioral data such that it would desirable to preprocess or make aninitial determination before transmitting the data to the server, orcombinations of these.

As shown in FIG. 36C, the determination engine at the client makesdeterminations of adverseness based on local behavioral data 3650associated with one or more application programs at the client. Thedetermination engine may additionally receive aggregated behavioral data3652 from a remote source, such as server 3551. As discussed above, theaggregated data includes behavioral data from other client devices. Thereceived aggregated behavioral data provides additional data points forthe client-based determination engine which can improve the accuracy ofdetermining whether or not an application program is adverse. Using thelocal behavioral data, the client-based determination engine can make apreliminary determination of adverseness. Upon receiving the aggregatedbehavioral data, the client-based determination engine may alter itspreliminary determination. Alternatively, the received aggregatedbehavioral data may be combined with the local behavioral data and thecombined behavioral data is analyzed by the determination engine at theclient.

After the determination engine makes a determination at the client, thedetermination can be transmitted to the server for aggregation. That is,the aggregation engine at the server can receive determinations ofadverseness from multiple client devices and then aggregate the receiveddeterminations. The determination made at the client device may insteador additionally be made available as disposition information. Thedisposition information may be made available at the client device wherethe determination was made, at a device other than the client devicewhere the determination was made (e.g., at the client device of anetwork administrator), or both.

Determination engine 3676 may utilize a fewer number of models thandetermination engine 3660 (FIG. 36B), such as only models that arerelevant to the client device, carrier network of the client device,applications on the client device, or combinations of these. Having afew number of models can reduce processing overhead.

FIG. 36D shows a block diagram of remediation upon determining that anapplication program may have or has an adverse effect on the network,client device, or both. As shown in FIG. 36D, for device remediation,device configuration information 3678 is generated at the server and istransmitted from the server to one or more client devices such as clientdevice 3501, a client device 3680, or both. The device configurationinformation may be used by the monitoring program to block or restrictthe normal operations of an application program that is determined bythe system to be abusive.

In the case of network remediation, the server generates networkconfiguration information or network infrastructure configurationinformation 3682. The information may be transmitted to infrastructurepowering network 3521 so that the network may be directly configured.For example, the information may be transmitted to one or more networkdevices such as a firewall, intrusion prevention system, proxy, router,switch, and so forth. The information may instead or additionally bemade available for download by a network administrator 3685. Forexample, network infrastructure configuration information may be used toblock traffic associated with the application program, blocktransmission of an application binary for the application program, orboth.

Configuration information may be referred to as a configuration profile,configuration file, or configuration settings.

Device configuration information may be transmitted from the server tothe client that has the abusive application program to prevent adverseeffects to the client, network, or both. Configuration information maybe transmitted to a client that does not have the application program asa preventative measure. For example, the configuration information maycontain network addresses associated with an adverse application toblock traffic to and from so that the application does not function onthe network. In this example, traffic associated with an adverseapplication may be blocked on a cellular network but allowed on a Wi-Finetwork. In another example, the configuration information may contain asignature to block the application binary from being transmitted acrossthe network, a URL associated with the application to block, orinstructions to an application market to block the application frombeing downloaded. In this example, the application itself may beprevented from being downloaded or used.

FIGS. 37-40 illustrate the transmission and collection of applicationdata and device data in more detail. FIG. 37 illustrates an embodimentin which server 3551 evaluates a change in a data object stored onmobile communications device 3501. In FIG. 37, mobile communicationsdevice 3501 detects a change in a specific data object (block 3701). Onehaving skill in the art will appreciate that detecting changes in a dataobject may involve mechanisms such as intercepting system calls or filesystem operations, a file system or other data object change listener,receiving an event from a package management system (e.g.,PACKAGE_UPDATED and/or PACKAGE_REPLACED intents in the Android™operating system), and polling for data objects in a file system orother system capable of enumerating data objects. Other techniques fordetecting changes may also be used. Alternatively or additionally, thefollowing methods may occur when a change to a data object is detected,upon request by the user of the mobile communications device, or upon apre-configured schedule for analyzing and assessing data objects on themobile communications device.

In an embodiment, a change in a data object includes any time a dataobject is added, removed, or modified. After transmitting applicationdata for a data object, mobile communications device 3501 waits forconfirmation from the server before recording that it has successfullytransmitted application data for the data object. After receivingapplication data for a data object from a mobile communications device3501, server 3551 transmits a confirmation. If there was an error intransmission or with the data itself, server 3551 returns an error. Ifmobile communications device 3501 receives an error from server 3551, orno response after transmitting application data for a data object,mobile communications device 3501 will not record the application datafor the data object as having been sent, and the mobile communicationsdevice 3501 may retry sending the data at some point in the future. Oneskilled in the art will recognize that mobile communications devices aresometimes unable to connect to a network or may have their networkconnection interrupted in the middle of a transmission. As such, amobile communications device 3501 recording whether or not server 3551has successfully received application data for a data object isimportant to the functioning of a reliable data collection system. In anembodiment, any time application data for a data object has not beentransmitted from mobile communications device 3501 and received byserver 3551, it is considered to be changed and needs to be transmitted.

In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 stores whether ithas transmitted and server 3551 has successfully received applicationdata for one or more data objects present on the device. In order toidentify which data objects have had appropriate application datareported to server 3551, mobile communications device 3501 may store adatabase containing identification information for data objects thathave been successfully reported to server 3551 to determine whether thedevice needs to transmit application data for those data objects. Forexample, a data object that is a file on a filesystem may be identifiedby a hash of its contents. When the data object is first installed on amobile communications device 3501, the database may contain no data forthe data object. Because there is no identifying information for thedata object, the mobile communications device 3501 recognizes the dataobject as new and transmits application data for the data object toserver 3551 indicating that the object is new. After transmittingapplication data for the data object to server 3551 and receivingconfirmation that the server successfully received the application data,the device stores the hash of the file contents and the location on thefilesystem where the file resides in the database. If the data objectwere to be deleted, the mobile communications device 3501 can detectthat there is no file at the previously stored filesystem location andcan report the deletion of the data object to server 3551 by reportingthe filesystem location and/or hash identification information for thedata object. If the file were to be modified, such as in the case of anapplication being updated, the mobile communications device can detectthat there is a file in the previously stored location on thefilesystem, but the content hash of the file does not match the storedcontent hash. In this case, the mobile communications device 3501 canreport to the server that the data object identified by the filelocation and/or previous content hash has been updated and report thenew content hash of the file.

In an example, a security system installed on mobile communicationsdevice 3501 may report application data for a data object to server 3551for purposes of receiving an assessment of the data object. If a mobilecommunications device downloads a new application that is malicious, itis important that the security system detect this new item as soon aspossible. Server 3551 can analyze the new application and provide asecurity assessment whereby actions can be taken based on the results.In another example, a first version of an application may be safe, but asecond version of the application may be malicious. It is important thata security system recognize this update as different from the firstversion of the application so that it will produce a new assessment ofthe second version and not just report the first assessment. Server 3551can analyze the updated application and provide a security assessmentwhereby actions can be taken based on the results.

In block 3703 of FIG. 37, mobile communications device 3501 transmitsidentification information for the mobile communications device toserver 3551. In an embodiment, the identification information isauthentication information. In an embodiment, the identificationinformation is a non-authoritative identifier for the device such as adevice ID that is not considered to be secret. In an embodiment,identification information includes device information for the mobilecommunications device (e.g., make, model, hardware characteristics). Inaddition, mobile communications device 3501 transmits information forthe changed data object. Such information may include identifyinginformation for the data object, such as metadata (e.g., hash, packagename, file name, file path, cryptographic signer, unique identifier suchas a UUID) and the like. In block 3705, server 3551 receives theidentifier for mobile communications device 3501 and information for thechanged data object. The received data is stored by server 3551 on theserver or on data storage 3511 (block 3707). In an embodiment, only someof the data received by server 3551 is stored. In block 3709, server3551 provides an assessment for the changed data object using any of thetechniques disclosed herein or from U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/255,621, which is incorporated in full herein. The assessment mayinclude instructions and/or a categorization labeling the changed dataobject as safe, malicious, or unknown. In an embodiment, some or all ofthe received data is stored on server 3551 or data storage 3511 and isassociated with the device that transmitted the data. For example, thismay later allow server 3551 to determine which applications a device hasencountered. In another embodiment, some or all of the received data isstored on server 3551 or data storage 3511 in a way that server cannotdirectly tie the information to a particular device. For example, server3551 may store received data without any link to a particular device oraccount. In another example, data may be anonymously associated with adevice by the server associating the data with an identifier whenstored. To ensure that server 3551 cannot associate the stored data witha particular device, the identifier is only known to the devicetransmitting the data and is provided to the server whenever the devicetransmits data. The server does not store this identifier so that theidentifier is never directly linked with a particular device or accounton server 3551 or data store 3511. In an embodiment, server 3551 storesthe results of the assessment on the server or on data storage 3511. If,when an assessment for a data object is required 3709 and a previousassessment for the data object exists and is considered valid, server3551 retrieves the previous assessment from data storage 3511 instead ofperforming a new assessment. Assessments may be considered to be for thesame data object if the metadata relating to each object matches in avariety of ways, including if the assessments relate to data objectswith the same hash, same package name, same cryptographic signer, orsame file path. In block 3711, the assessment is transmitted to mobilecommunications device 3501, which receives this assessment from server3551 (block 3713), then processes the assessment or takes appropriateaction (block 3715).

One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that theinteraction between mobile communications device 3501 and server 3551 isdynamic, in that server 3551 can proactively transmit notifications orinstructions to remediate data objects whose assessment has changed,thereby requiring action by mobile communications device 3501. FIG. 38illustrates such an embodiment. In block 3801 of FIG. 38, mobilecommunications device 3501 detects a change in a specific data object.In block 3803, mobile communications device 3501 sends identificationinformation for the device and information about the changed data objectto server 3551. Server 3551 receives the identification information formobile communications device 3501 and information about the changed dataobject (block 3805). In block 3807, server 3551 stores the changed datainformation on the server or on data storage 3511. In block 3809, server3551 may analyze and assess the changed data object, and may report theassessment to mobile communications device 3501 (block 3811). Asdiscussed previously, if an assessment has already been performed forthe data object, that previously performed assessment may be retrievedand used instead of re-performing the assessment. If server 3551 reportsan assessment, mobile communications device 3501 receives the assessmentor other notification in block 3813, and processes the assessment (block3815).

In an embodiment, the assessment for the data object may change. Forexample, a data object that may previously have been assessed as safe orunknown may later be identified as malicious, causing some previouslyunknown vulnerability, or causing an undesirable behavior such asnetwork overuse or battery drainage. In block 3817, if server 3551detects a change in assessment for a previously analyzed data object,then in block 3819, server 3551 may transmit a notification, remediationinstructions or the like to mobile communications device 3501. Mobilecommunications device 3501 receives the notification from server 3551(block 3821), then performs the recommended actions or remediationinstructions (block 3823). In block 3825, mobile communications device3501 transmits a confirmation that it performed the required actions,which server 3551 receives (block 3827). In an embodiment, thenotification is only sent to mobile communications device 3551 if thedata object is determined to be present on mobile communications device.In an embodiment, the server 3551 stores information on the server 3551or on data storage 3511 allowing the server 3551 to determine whetherthe mobile communications device 3501 currently has the data object orhas previously requested an assessment for the data object.

One having skill in the art will appreciate that FIG. 38 provides onlyone example of how server 3551 may report changes in assessment to amobile communications device, and some steps may be skipped withoutdeparting from this disclosure. For example, mobile communicationsdevice may perform remediation instructions or other required actionswithout sending confirmation to server 3551.

In an embodiment, server 3551 may request additional information about aparticular data object from mobile communications device 3501. Forexample, mobile communications device 3501 may send information about achanged data object to server 3551; however, the information sent may beinsufficient for server 3551 to perform a conclusive analysis. FIG. 39illustrates this embodiment. In block 3901 of FIG. 39, mobilecommunications device 3501 detects that a data object has changed, andtransmits identification information for mobile communications device3501 with information for the changed data object to server 3551 (block3903). Server 3551 receives the identification information for mobilecommunications device 3501 and information for the changed data object(block 3905), and stores the information for the changed data object onthe server or on data storage 3511 (block 3907). In block 3909, server3551 determines whether it requires additional information about thechanged data object. For example, server 3551 may attempt to assesswhether the changed data object is safe or malicious, but is unable toprovide a conclusive assessment (i.e., the assessment results in“unknown”). The determination of whether more information is needed canbe performed either before the server 3551 performs an assessment ifthere is not enough data to even begin an assessment or after anassessment returns inconclusively due wholly or in part to a lack ofdata. If additional information is required, then server 3551 mayrequest the additional information from mobile communications device3501 (block 3911).

In block 3913 of FIG. 39, mobile communications device 3501 receives therequest for additional information, gathers the requested information(block 3915), then transmits the additional information to server 3551(block 3917). In an embodiment, additional information includesbehavioral data for a data object and application data for the dataobject, such as the content for the data object. In block 3919, server3551 receives the additional information from mobile communicationsdevice 3501, and stores the additional information (block 3921). Server3551 may then analyze the changed data object information with theadditional information to provide an assessment (block 3923), which maybe sent to the mobile communications device 3501 (block 3925). In block3927, mobile communications device 3501 receives the assessment of thechanged data object from server 3551 then processes the assessment(block 3929).

In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 may elect totransmit additional information to server 3551. For example, server 3551may analyze a data object, but not provide a conclusive assessment.Rather than requesting additional information from mobile communicationsdevice 3501, the device may request an additional assessment byproviding additional information for the data object to server 3551.FIG. 40 illustrates this embodiment.

In block 4001 of FIG. 40, mobile communications device 3501 detects achange in a data object, then in block 4003, mobile communicationsdevice 3501 sends its identification information and information for thechanged data object to server 3551. In block 4005, server 3551 receivesthe identification information for mobile communications device 3501 andthe information for the changed data object. This information is storedby server 3551 on the server or on data storage 3511 (block 4007), thenanalyzed by server 3551 to result in an assessment (block 4009). Inblock 4011, server 3551 transmits the assessment or an appropriatenotification to mobile communications device 3501. Mobile communicationsdevice 3501 receives the assessment from server 3551 (block 4013 of FIG.40). In block 4015, mobile communications device 3501 determines whetherto send additional information about the data object. For example,server 3551 may be unable to produce an assessment for the data objectgiven the data it has available, and thus needs more information to beable to produce an assessment. In block 4017, if mobile communicationsdevice 3501 determines that it should send additional information aboutthe data object, then this information is gathered. In block 4019,mobile communications device 3501 transmits the additional informationto server 3551, which receives this information (block 4021), and storesthe received additional information (block 4023). One will appreciatethat server 3551 will know that the additional information will pertainto the information previously received by server 3551 (block 4005),since mobile communications device 3501 will transmit identificationinformation with the additional information.

In block 4025 of FIG. 40, server 3551 analyzes the additionalinformation received from the mobile communications device 3501. In anembodiment, the additional information may be analyzed with thepreviously received information (block 4005). In block 4027, server 3551transmits the assessment to mobile communications device 3501, whichprocesses the assessment (block 4029). If mobile communications device3501 still needs to send additional information, it may repeat theprocess as necessary.

As noted previously, server 3551 may have access to a plurality ofmobile communications devices, some of which may run or store the sameapplication programs or data objects. Requesting data object informationfrom a single mobile communications device can cause network traffic,affecting not only the single mobile communications device, but otherdevices on the network. In an embodiment, if server 3551 requiresinformation about a data object that is stored on more than one mobilecommunications device, server 3551 can gather portions of the requiredinformation from each of the mobile communications devices, rather thanrelying on a single device. FIG. 41 illustrates an embodiment using afirst and a second mobile communications device, thereby optimizing datacollection from two or more mobile communications devices.

In block 4101 of FIG. 41, the first mobile communications device detectsa change in a data object. The data object is also found on the secondmobile communications device, but may or may not realize the samechange. The first mobile communications device transmits itsidentification information and information for its changed data objectto server 3551 (block 4103). In block 4105, server 3551 receives theidentification information for the first mobile communications devicewith the information for the changed data object. This information isstored by server 3551 (block 4109). In block 4111, server 3551determines that it requires additional information about the dataobject. In block 4113, server 3551 identifies the second mobilecommunications device that server 3551 knows also stores the data objectas well as additional information for the data object.

In block 4101 of FIG. 41, the first mobile communications device detectsa change in a data object. The data object is also found on the secondmobile communications device, but may or may not realize the samechange. The first mobile communications device transmits itsidentification information and information for its changed data objectto server 3551 (block 4103). In block 4105, server 3551 receives theidentification information for the first mobile communications devicewith the information for the changed data object. This information isstored by server 3551 (block 4109). In block 4111, server, 3551determines that it requires additional information about the dataobject. In block 4113, server 3551 identifies the second mobilecommunications device that server 3551 knows also stores the data objectas well as additional information for the data object.

In block 4115 of FIG. 41, server 3551 requests the additionalinformation for the data object from the second mobile communicationsdevice. This request is received by the second mobile communicationsdevice (block 4117). In response, the second mobile communicationsdevice will gather the additional information (block 4119), thentransmit the additional information to server 3551 (block 4121). Server3551 receives (block 4123) and stores the additional information aboutthe data object from the second mobile communications device on server3551 or on data storage 3511 (block 4125), then analyzes this additionalinformation with the previously received information from the firstmobile communications device to render an assessment (block 4127). Thisassessment is transmitted to the first mobile communications device(block 4129), which receives the assessment (block 4131) and process theassessment (block 4133). One will appreciate that if relevant, server3551 may also transmit the assessment to the second mobilecommunications device.

In an embodiment, server 3551 can gather additional information frommultiple devices. In an embodiment, server 3551 chooses which devices torequest additional information from by analyzing device information andapplication data previously stored by server. For example, tocharacterize an application's usage of SMS messaging to determinewhether or not it is abusing SMS for spam purposes, server 3551 mayrequest the count of SMS messages sent by an application from manymobile communications devices that have previously reported that theyhave installed the application. In an embodiment, server attempts toanalyze a data object to produce an assessment without first waiting toreceive information about the data object from a device. Instead, servermay receive data from other sources and proactively request informationfrom one or more devices to create an assessment for the data object.

In an embodiment, server 3551 can gather additional information frommultiple devices. In an embodiment, server 3551 chooses from whichdevices to request additional information by analyzing deviceinformation and application data previously stored by server. Forexample, to characterize an application's usage of SMS messaging todetermine whether or not it is abusing SMS for spam purposes, server3551 may request the count of SMS messages sent by an application frommany mobile communications devices that have previously reported thatthey have installed the application. In an embodiment, server attemptsto analyze a data object to produce an assessment without first waitingto receive information about the data object from a device. Instead,server may receive data from other sources and proactively requestinformation from one or more devices to create an assessment for thedata object.

In an embodiment, server 3551 can gather additional information frommultiple devices. In an embodiment, server 3551 chooses which devices torequest additional from by analyzing device information and applicationdata previously stored by server. For example, to characterize anapplication's usage of SMS messaging to determine whether or not it isabusing SMS for spam purposes, server 3551 may request the count of SMSmessages sent by an application from many mobile communications devicesthat have previously reported that they have installed the application.In an embodiment, server attempts to analyze a data object to produce anassessment without first waiting to receive information about the dataobject from a device. Instead, server may receive data from othersources and proactively request information from one or more devices tocreate an assessment for the data object.

In an embodiment, application data for a data object that is gatheredand transmitted by mobile communications device 3501 to server 3551 mayinclude behavioral data about the data object. Usage of such data byserver 3551, such as during analysis, is discussed more in depth below.Behavioral data may include information about what the data object didwhen it ran on the device. Examples of behavioral data includeinformation about network connections caused by the data object (e.g.,server names, source/destination addresses and ports, duration ofconnection, connection protocols, amount of data transmitted andreceived, total number of connections, frequency of connections, andnetwork interface information for the connection, DNS requests made),behavior of the data object when run (e.g., system calls, API calls,libraries used, inter-process communication calls, number of SMSmessages transmitted, number of email messages sent, information aboutuser interfaces displayed, URLs accessed), overhead caused by the dataobject (e.g., battery used, CPU time used, network data transmitted,storage used, memory used). Other behavioral data includes the contextwhen a particular behavior occurred (e.g., whether the phone's screenwas off when the data object sent an SMS message, whether the user wasusing the data object when it connected to a remote server, etc.).

Because a large amount behavioral data is generated by data objectsevery time they run, it is important for a mobile communications devicenot to gather or transmit all of the possible behavioral data;otherwise, the gathering and transmission of behavioral data mayover-utilize resources on the device 3501, server 3551, and the network3521. In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 limits whattype of behavioral data for a data object it gathers and transmits, andhow frequently to gather and transmit behavioral data based on theperiod of time since the data object has last changed. For example, whena data object is first installed on a mobile communications device, thedevice may gather and transmit the full amount of behavioral dataavailable every day. After one week following installation of the dataobject, the device may only send a limited subset of behavioral data inweekly intervals. A month after installation, the device may only send aminimal amount of behavioral data in monthly intervals. In anembodiment, if the data object were to be updated (e.g., updating anapplication to a different version), the device may transmit the fullscope of behavioral data daily and reduce the scope and frequency ofdata gathered and transmitted after one week and/or after one month. Inan embodiment, server 3551 sends configuration to mobile communicationsdevice 3501 requesting that the device send specific types of behavioraldata at a specific frequency. The device stores the configuration sothat it may determine whether to gather and/or transmit behavioral datafor data objects. In an embodiment, the configuration information isspecific to a particular data object. In an embodiment, theconfiguration information is for all data objects encountered by thedevice. In an embodiment, server 3551 requests behavioral data for aparticular data object from the device so that the server can minimizeunnecessarily gathered and transmitted behavioral data.

In an embodiment server 3551 can influence the gathering andtransmission of behavioral data from device 3501 to server 3551. Forexample, server 3551 may transmit instructions to mobile communicationsdevice 3501, requesting behavioral data for a data object only if theserver has information indicating that the device currently has the dataobject, and if the server needs more behavioral data to better assessthe data object. In an embodiment, the server 3551 determines that itneeds more behavioral data for an object based on the number of devicesthat have already reported behavioral data. For example, the server mayrequire at least one hundred (100) devices to report behavioral data foreach data object in order to have a confident assessment. In anembodiment, the difference of the behavioral data reported by differentdevices is used to determine how much behavioral data is needed for anassessment to be confident. For example, if thirty (30) devices allreported battery usage by a data object within a small variance, theserver may not request any more behavioral data for that object;however, if those thirty (30) devices showed a wide variation of batteryusage, the server may request behavioral data from two hundred (200)devices.

In an embodiment, a mobile communications device may only transmitbehavioral data if the data is outside of normal bounds. In anembodiment, the bounds are universal to all data objects. For example, abound on network usage may be set so that mobile communications devicetransmits behavioral data for a data object's network connections onlyif the data object maintains at least one open connection for more than50% of the time it is running or if the data object transmits more thanone megabyte of data in a 24 hour period. In an embodiment, server 3551can update bounds on a mobile communications device 3501 by transmittingupdated bound information to the device. In an embodiment, bounds may beparticular to one or more data objects. For example, a device may have aset of default bounds by which it will send behavioral data, but theserver may transmit bounds for a particular data object, identifyingthat data object through identifying information such as a hash,cryptographic signer, package name, or filesystem location. The updatedbounds may instruct the device to send more or less behavioral data thanthe default set of bounds. For example, a mobile communications devicemay default to never send behavioral data. When a new data object isinstalled on the device, the device reports the installation event andmetadata associated with the data object to the server. If the serverhas already characterized the data object through behavioral data fromother devices, the server may send bounds to the device specifying thetypical behavior of the data object on other devices (e.g., uses lessthan 100 kilobytes of data per day, never sends SMS messages, neversends email) so that if the data object deviates from these bounds, themobile communications device will send the deviated behavioral data tothe server. Such deviations may be useful in the case of a legitimateapplication that becomes exploited and begins exhibitinguncharacteristic behavior or in the case of a “time-bomb” applicationthat only starts becoming malicious after a certain time.

In an embodiment, data transmitted from mobile communications device3501 to server 3551 is configurable in order to protect user privacy;prevent overuse of device, network, or server resources; or for otherreasons. Some example configurations include choosing what applicationdata is sent from device 3501 to server 3551, how often application datais sent, and how application data is re-transmitted should initialtransmissions fail. Example configurations may further includetransmitting only identifying information (e.g., no additional metadataor behavioral data), never transmitting any application data, nevertransmitting data object content, only transmitting application data fordata objects based on the source of the data objects, only transmittingcertain type of behavioral data, only transmitting a certain amount ofapplication data per day, only transmitting one data object's contentper day, transmitting behavioral data a maximum of once per day per dataobject, and the like. One skilled in the art will recognize thatadditional configurations are possible without departing from the scopeof the claimed subject matter. In an embodiment, the configuration maybe enforced by a mobile device 3501 and/or server 3551 by the deviceonly making certain transmissions and/or the server only making certainrequests from the device. In an embodiment, the configuration iscontrolled by one or more parties. For example, the configuration may beautomatically set by server 3551 or software residing on mobilecommunications device 3501, or controlled by an administrator via server3551, and/or controlled by a user via mobile device 3501. In anembodiment, portions of the configuration are controlled by differentparties. For example, a user may be able to control whether or not dataobjects are reported to server 3551 but an administrator on server 3551may control the behavioral data reporting frequency for all devices tooptimize battery usage of the security system.

In an embodiment, software on a mobile communications device 3501displays a user interface dialog when it receives a request to transmitapplication data for a data object, such as its content or behavioraldata. As discussed above, a request for the data object's content may befor the whole content or for a portion of the content, the requestidentifying which portion of the content if a portion is requested. Theuser interface dialog displayed may identify the data object for whichapplication data is to be transmitted, and give the device's user achance to allow or reject the transmission. In an embodiment, the dialogallows the user to have the device remember his or her decision forfuture data objects. In an embodiment, the dialog allows the user toview more in-depth information about the application data to be sent,and provides a way for the user to understand the privacy implicationsof sending the data such as linking to a privacy policy, privacydescription, or other content that describes how the data istransmitted, stored, and used. In an embodiment, a mobile communicationsdevice attempts to transmit a data object when it receives an indicationthat server 3551 needs more information to produce an assessment. Inthis instance, the device may display a user interface dialog promptingthe device's user to choose whether or not to transmit the data object'scontent when the device attempts to transmit a data object. In anembodiment, some attempted transmission of certain types of applicationdata, such as a data object's content, results in user interface dialogfor confirmation while other types of application data, such as metadataor behavioral data, are transmitted without requiring a userconfirmation.

Because a particular application may utilize multiple data objects, itmay be desirable for mobile communications device 3501 and/or server3551 to group multiple data objects together so that the application canbe analyzed as a whole. In an embodiment, mobile communications device3501 or server 3551 may perform grouping by comparing application databetween multiple data objects. For example, application data that may beused to group data objects includes how data objects were installed(e.g., data objects from the same installer may be grouped), if dataobjects are linked together at runtime or dynamically, whether multipledata objects are in the same filesystem directory, and if data objectsshare a cryptographic signer. For example, an application installer mayextract an executable and multiple libraries to the filesystem on amobile communications device. The mobile communications device 3501 mayuse the common installer to consider the data objects grouped and maystore the grouping information for use in gathering behavioral data(discussed below). In order for server 3551 to recognize the group, eachdata object's application data may include identification informationfor the common installer. The server 3551 may explicitly store thegrouped relationship on server 3551 or in data storage 3511 toefficiently access the grouping information during analysis.

Because behavioral data cannot always be attributed to a single dataobject when multiple objects execute together such as in the context ofsingle process, if the device operating system does not support granularbehavioral data, or through other mechanisms, it may be desirable formobile communications device 3501 to group multiple data objectstogether and report behavioral data for the group together. In anembodiment, mobile communications device 3501 transmits informationindicating that grouped data objects are associated and transmitsapplication data for grouped data objects to server 3551 together. Forexample, if a process on a mobile communication loads multiplecomponents from different vendors and network data can only be gatheredon a per-process level, and/or if the process is detected to beconnecting to a known malicious server, then it may be desirable for allcomponents loaded in the process to be identifiable by the server todetermine the offending component. When the mobile communications device3501 gathers behavioral data (such as the IP addresses the process hasconnected to) for the process, the device reports identificationinformation for all of the data objects that are associated with theprocess to the server. When the server receives behavioral data for agroup of data objects it may analyze behavioral data from multipledevices and determine that only groups containing a particular dataobject will connect to the malicious server. Thus, only the data objectthat results in connecting to the malicious server will be consideredmalicious. In an embodiment, if a mobile communications device does notprovide granular information about the behavior of particular dataobjects, behavioral data for the device as a whole may be transmitted tothe server as representing the group of all data objects installed onthe device. For example, if an operating system does not provideper-process battery usage information, devices running that operatingsystem may transmit a list of applications installed on each device andthe overall battery life for each device to server 3551. The server canthen perform analysis on this data to determine which applications arecorrelated to better or worse battery life and estimate eachapplication's contribution to battery life when installed on a device.In an embodiment where multiple data objects in a group have differentbehavioral data gathering configurations, the mobile communicationsdevice will join the configurations together. For example, if mobilecommunications device 3501 is configured to report a large amount ofbehavioral data every day for one data object, but is configured to onlyreport anomalous behavioral data for another data object, and the dataobjects are grouped, the device may join the two configurations andreport a large amount of behavioral data for the group. Alternatively,if the second data object is configured to never report behavioral datafor privacy reasons, no behavioral data may be reported for the group tosatisfy the privacy constraint.

One having skill in the art will appreciate that data transmitted byserver 3551 or mobile communications device 3501, such as metadata,behavioral data, configuration information, behavioral data bounds,grouping data, requests for additional data, notifications, and otherforms of data may be formatted using binary formats or non-binaryformats. Examples include formatting data in XML, JSON, or as part of aURI. The data may be transmitted using a variety of protocols, includingTCP, UDP, DNS, and HTTP. Other formats and/or protocols may be usedwithout departing from this disclosure.

The above are various non-limiting examples of how data is gathered andcollected from one or more mobile communications devices. Techniques foroptimizing data collection are also disclosed above. As discussed,mobile communications devices 3501 will transmit some or all of theabove-described data to server 3551 for analysis so that server 3551 canprovide an assessment of the analyzed data. The following sectiondescribes non-limiting examples of analysis techniques. One having skillin the art will appreciate that while the examples and embodiments belowuse the data gathered using the methods described herein, other types ofdata may be transmitted and that this disclosure is not limited to thedata described herein.

B. Data Collection System

One skilled in the art will appreciate that server 3551 may receive datafrom sources other than mobile communications devices for use inanalyzing a data object and producing assessments. FIG. 44 illustratesan embodiment in which server 3551 may receive data from multiplesources and transmit assessment information for multiple uses. One ormore servers 3551 are illustrated as a “cloud” to emphasize thatmultiple servers may operate in coordination to provide thefunctionality disclosed herein. One or more mobile communicationsdevices 3501 are illustrated as a group to emphasize that multipledevices 3501 may transmit and receive information to and from server3551. As disclosed above, one or more mobile communications devices 3501may transmit application data for data objects to server 3551 anddevices 3501 may receive assessment data, requests for more information,notifications, and the like from server 3551.

In addition to gathering data from mobile communications devices, server3551 can receive information pertaining to data objects from a varietyof data gathering systems. Such systems may be separate from server 3551or may be part of server 3551. In an embodiment, a data gathering systemdirectly updates a database or other storage on server 3551 or datastorage 3511 with information for one or more data objects. In anembodiment, a data gathering system communicates with server 3551 toprovide information to server 3551. There are many types of systems thatmay be used as data feeds to server 3551. Some examples include webcrawlers 4403, application marketplace data gathering systems 4405,honeypots, and other systems that may feed information related to mobiledevice applications to server 3551.

In an embodiment, a web crawler 4403 downloads data objects that can runon mobile communications devices and retrieves information about dataobjects, feeding both to server 3551. For example, the web crawler 4403may utilize a search engine to look for web sites that host mobileapplications. Once the crawler 4403 identifies sites hosting mobiledownloads, the crawler may retrieve web pages available on those sites,examining the content of each page to determine additional pages toretrieve. For example, a page on a mobile download site may containlinks to other pages as well as links to download data objects. It maybe desirable for data gathering systems to only transmit information toserver 3551 that is relevant to mobile devices, as there is much contentavailable on the internet that does not affect mobile communicationsdevices (e.g., PC software). In an embodiment, the crawler 4403 canidentify if a data object available for download or that has alreadybeen downloaded is able to run on a mobile communications device. Forexample, the crawler 4403 may examine a download URL for a specificstring indicating that the URL corresponds to mobile application package(e.g., SIS, APK, CAB, IPA). In another example, the crawler 4403 mayexamine a data object after it has been downloaded to determine if itaffects mobile communications devices and if so, whether it affects aspecific mobile platform. In this case, the crawler 4403 may examine thedata object downloaded for characteristics such as its name, whether itcontains executable code compatible with any mobile platforms, or if itcontains data that is typical for a particular mobile device platform.In an embodiment, the web crawler 4403 gathers marketplace metadataabout data items and transmits the marketplace metadata to server 3551.Some example marketplace metadata includes from which web sites a dataobject is available for download, user ratings and comments for a dataobject, the price of the data object if it is available for purchase,the number of times the data object has been downloaded, informationabout the author of the data object, and other information pertaining toa data object that is available on web sites. As will be discussedbelow, where a given data object is available can be used to determinehow trustworthy a data object is. For example, a data object availablefrom a reputable company's web site may be considered more trustworthythan a data object uploaded on a mobile device forum by one of theforum's users.

Because many mobile applications are only available via mobileapplication marketplaces, it may be important for server 3551 to receiveinformation about data objects that are available in applicationmarketplaces. In an embodiment, an application marketplace datagathering system 4405 retrieves information about a data object, such asthe data object's content and marketplace metadata for the data object,from mobile application marketplaces and reports the information toserver 3551. In an embodiment, the application marketplace datagathering system 4405 is part of server 3551. In alternative embodiment,the application marketplace data gathering system is separate fromserver 3551. Application marketplaces are often provided by mobileplatform vendors (e.g., Android Marketplace, Blackberry App World, AppleApp Store, Nokia Ovi Store) or third parties (e.g., GetJar, Handango)and may use a proprietary API. In an embodiment, application marketplacedata gathering system 4405 is configured to communicate with applicationmarketplace servers via a proprietary protocol. In order to transmit thedata received from application marketplace servers to server 3551 in amanner that is usable by server 3551, the marketplace data gatheringsystem 4405 may transform application data for data objects from aproprietary format into a format that server 3551 can utilize foranalysis. For example, an application marketplace may provide an API toaccess users' comments and ratings for an application; however, the datareturned by that API may be different from another applicationmarketplace's comment data. In another example, an application marketmay proactively transmit data to marketplace data gathering system 4405so that the data gathering system does not have to repeatedly query it.To allow server 3551 to be able to analyze comment data from multipleapplication marketplaces, application marketplace data gathering system4405 may transform differently formatted comment data into a standardformat for transmission to server 3551. In an embodiment, an applicationmarketplace data gathering system 4405 can search for certain terms inuser reviews, such as “battery drain,” “crash,” “privacy settings,”“does not work,” “phone number,” “contacts,” and the like, which can beused to characterize an application as “known bad,” or used to establishthe trustworthiness of an application using the system componentsdescribed herein. In an alternative embodiment, application marketplacedata gathering system 4405 can gather all comment data and analysis ofthe comment data can be performed by server 3551. Similarly, server 3551or application marketplace data gathering system 4405 can be capable ofrecognizing positive reviews or scores for a data object, therebyimproving the assessment and/or trustworthiness for the data object.

In addition to automated gathering of data object information, it may beimportant for server 3551 to accept human information 4407. Suchinformation may include subjective trust scores for mobile applicationvendors, specific keywords or other characteristics, such as heuristics,that may classify a mobile application as suspicious. One skilled in theart will recognize that other types of information related to theanalysis of data objects for mobile devices may be provided by a humanis possible without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In anembodiment, server 3551 provides a user interface by which someone mayprovide information to server 3551 about a specific data object, a groupof data objects (e.g., data objects from a particular developer, alldata objects on a specific platform), or for the analysis system as awhole (e.g., updated analysis heuristics). In an embodiment, a serverseparate from server 3551 provides a user interface by which someone mayprovide information about a specific data object, a group of dataobjects, or for the analysis system as a whole. This separate server maytransmit the user-provided information to server 3551 where server 3551stores it on server 3551 or in data storage 3511. In an embodiment, theseparate server directly updates data storage 3511 with theuser-provided information.

FIG. 44 illustrates how server 3551 may provide information about dataobjects to external systems. In an embodiment, information provided byserver 3551 may be transmitted via an API; provided as a list, a datafeed, a report, or formatted data such as firewall or virus definitions;or in other forms. In an embodiment, server 3551 provides informationabout data objects to an application marketplace 4409. For example,server 3551 may provide marketplace 4409 with a list of malicious dataobjects that are present in marketplace 4409. In another example, server3551 may expose an API by which application marketplace 4409 cantransmit identification information (e.g., a hash of a data object'scontent) to server 3551 to determine if the data object is consideredmalicious or otherwise undesirable. In an embodiment, server 3551provides data to network security infrastructure 4411 so that thenetwork security infrastructure 4411 may protect against malicious orundesired applications at the network level. For example, by protectingat the network level, even mobile communications devices that do nothave security software installed may benefit from protection. In anembodiment, server 3551 transmits threat signatures to network securityinfrastructure 4411. Such threat signatures may take a variety of forms,for example, hashes of undesired applications, binary sequences forundesired applications, package names of undesired applications,firewall rules to block malicious servers or attackers, and rules for anetwork security system such as Snort. In an embodiment, server 3551provides data in the form of data feeds 4413. The data feeds 4413 maycontain a variety of data available to server 3551 or data storage 11either from server's data gathering or from further analysis (describedbelow), for example, a list of any data objects that use more networktraffic than a given threshold to identify misbehaving or abusiveapplications, a list of the most prevalent malicious data objects, and alist of applications that match criteria such as a set of heuristics foridentifying potentially malicious applications.

C. Server-Side Analysis Systems

In order to produce assessments for data objects or other forms ofuseful output, server may use a variety of methods of analysis. In anembodiment, because server has access to information collected aboutdata objects from one or more sources, server can process theinformation to produce an assessment for a data object. FIG. 45illustrates an embodiment in which server 3551 aggregates applicationdata for a data object, stores the information, generatescharacterizations and categorizations for the data object, assesses thedata object to produce assessment information, and transmits theassessment information. In block 4501 of FIG. 45, application data(e.g., data object content, metadata, behavioral data, marketplacemetadata) is gathered for a data object. Some of the possible methodsfor gathering and types of data gathered have been discussed above. Suchmethods may include gathering data from devices, from web sites, fromapplication marketplaces, from people, and from other sources. In block4503, application data for the data object is stored on server 3551 ordata storage 3511 so that the data may be used at a different time thanwhen it is gathered.

In block 4505, device data is gathered and stored (block 4507) on server3551 or data storage 3511. It may be desirable for device data to belinked to the application data for the device that reported so thatassessments, categorization, and characterization can take into accountthe source of the data. For example, if an application only malfunctionswhen installed on a particular device type, it is important for server3551 to be able analyze application data provided by devices in thecontext of what particular device type provided the data. In anembodiment, when application data is stored 4503 it is associated withdevice data for the device that provided it. For example, when a device3501 transmits application data to server 3551, the device may transmitauthentication information that allows server 3551 to retrievepreviously stored data for the device 3501. If the device 3501 hasalready transmitted device data to server 3551, the previously storeddevice data can then be associated with the new application data. Insuch a data gathering system, it may be important to protect privacy andminimize individually identifiable information stored by server 3551 ordata storage 3511. In an embodiment, application data for multipledevices having the same device data is aggregated so that the storeddata is not linked to a particular device, but rather a set of devicedata shared by one or more devices. In the design of such a system, itmay be important to take into account the balance between granularity ofdevice data and the level to which the aggregated data can be ascribedto a particular device.

As part of analyzing a data object, it may be desirable for server 3551to characterize it and/or categorize it (block 4509). In an embodiment,server 3551 stores characterization and categorization data for dataobjects (block 4511). It may be desirable for characterization andcategorization data to be updated as more data becomes available oranalysis of the data changes. In an embodiment, server 3551 performsadditional analysis (block 4509) and updates stored categorization andcharacterization data (block 4511) for a data object when new or updateddata for the data object used by analysis systems is available.

Characterization data includes information that describes a dataobject's functionality, behavior, and reputation such as itscapabilities, metrics for the data object, analyses of other datarelating to the data object, and the like. In an embodiment, server 3551produces characterization data about a data object using applicationdata, device data, marketplace data, distribution data, and other dataavailable to server 3551. While some methods are described below, oneskilled in the art will appreciate that there are other of methods forgenerating characterization information that can be employed withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. In an embodiment, server3551 transmits characterization information as an assessment. One willappreciate that characterization information may be useful for a user tounderstand when deciding whether to install an application. For example,if a user is considering downloading a game but the user receives anassessment indicating that the game has the capability to send theuser's location to the internet, the user may decide not to install thegame. In another example, if a user is considering downloading aninstant messaging application and is concerned that the application mayuse a disproportionate amount of battery power, the user may receive anassessment to see the application's average battery usage metric anddecide that, based on the metric, the application is acceptable toinstall. In an embodiment, characterization information is consumed asan input to one or more other analysis systems. For example, an analysissystem producing an assessment of the privacy risk of an application mayuse characterization information to determine if an application hasrisky capabilities such as sending location or contact list informationto an internet server.

Characterization data includes information that describes a dataobject's functionality, behavior, and reputation such as itscapabilities, metrics for the data object, analyses of other datarelating to the data object, and the like. In an embodiment, server 3551produces characterization data about a data object using applicationdata, device data, marketplace data, distribution data, and other dataavailable to server 3551. While some methods are described below, oneskilled in the art will appreciate that there are other of methods forgenerating characterization information that can be employed withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. In an embodiment, server3551 transmits characterization information as an assessment. One willappreciate that characterization information may be useful for a user tounderstand when deciding whether to install an application. For example,if a user is considering downloading a game but the user receives anassessment indicating that the game has the capability to send theuser's location to the internet, the user may decide not to install thegame. In another example, if a user is considering downloading aninstant messaging application and is concerned that the application mayuse a disproportionate amount of battery power, the user may receive anassessment to see the application's average battery usage metric anddecide that, based on the metric, the application is acceptable toinstall. In an embodiment, characterization information is consumed asan input to one or more other analysis systems. For example, an analysissystem producing an assessment of the privacy risk of an application mayuse characterization information to determine if an application hasrisky capabilities such as sending location or contact list informationto an internet server.

Capabilities are one form of characterization data that server 3551 mayproduce. In an embodiment, server 3551 extracts capabilities from a dataobject. In certain mobile operating systems or application environments,applications may request granular permissions to access privilegedfunctionality on a device, such as sending or receiving network data,accessing the phone's location, reading or writing contact entries, andSMS messaging. In an embodiment, server 3551 uses data about permissionsrequested by a data object to determine the capabilities of the dataobject. Server may determine permission data by a variety of means,including metadata and behavioral data reported by devices, marketplacedata, static analysis of data objects, and dynamic analysis of dataobjects. For example, applications on the Android operating system haveto declare permissions at install time, so server 3551 may analyze thesedeclared permissions in an application package directly via metadataabout an application package reported by one or more devices or viamarketplace data to determine permission data.

In an embodiment, server 3551 performs analysis of a data object'scontent to determine what APIs on a device the data object utilizes. Inan embodiment, the API analysis may include a search of the data objectfor data sequences indicating API calls; an analysis of specificlibrary, function, class, or other import data structures in the dataobject; an analysis of dynamic linker calls; an analysis of calls tolocal or remote services; static analysis of the data object; dynamicanalysis of the data object; and analysis of behavioral data reported byone or more devices. In an embodiment, server 3551 utilizes extractedAPI call information to determine that the application has a particularcapability. For example, if an application calls an API to interact witha GPS radio on a device, server 3551 determines that the application hasthe capability to determine the device's location. Although suchanalysis may detect the vast majority of APIs used by a data object, itis possible that advanced self-modifying code may prevent thoroughanalysis of a data object. In an embodiment, server 3551 detects if thecode is, or may possibly be, self-modifying. The capability of a dataobject to modify itself may signify that the data object is of higherrisk than data objects that are more straightforward. While manyinstances of malware on PCs use self-modifying code to hide fromanti-malware systems, copy-protection systems also often encrypt code toprevent unauthorized access; thus, self-modification alone may not besufficient to classify a data object as malicious, it may be used by ananalysis system, in addition to other characteristics, such asbehavioral data, to produce an assessment for the data object.

In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes behavioral data to determinecapabilities for a data object. For example, server 3551 may look for adata object making phone calls, sending SMS messages, accessing theinternet, or performing other actions that indicate a particularapplication capability. In some cases, it is important not only tounderstand what single functions are utilized by a data object, but alsowhether an application exchanges data between APIs. For example, anapplication that uses the internet and can read a device's contact listmay have multiple capabilities that have significantly different risks.For example, an address book application that simply uses the internetto check for updates has less of a privacy risk than an address bookapplication that reads contacts and sends those contacts to theInternet. In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes data object todetermine if there are code paths by which data returned or produced byone API or service are sent to another API or service. For example,server 3551 may perform taint tracking between two APIs to determinewhether an application transfers data between APIs. For example, server3551 may determine if there is a code path in a data object by whichdata returned by any call to the contact API on a mobile device can beprovided to any network API on the device. If there is such a code path,server 3551 determines that the data object has the capability ofsending contacts to the internet. Having such a capability may be morevaluable during further analysis by server 3551 or by a user than simplyknowing that an application accesses contacts and that it accesses theinternet. Many applications may use both permissions; however, fewer mayactually send contact data to the internet. A user or an automatedanalysis system will be able to use the capability of knowing that thereis a code path between two APIs as a much stronger indicator ofcapabilities than less granular capability measurements.

In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes behavioral data to determinecapabilities for a data object. For example, server 3551 may look for adata object making phone calls, sending SMS messages, accessing theinternet, or performing other actions that indicate a particularapplication capability. In some cases, it is important not only tounderstand what single functions are utilized by a data object, but alsowhether an application exchanges data between APIs. For example, anapplication that uses the internet and can read a device's contact listmay have multiple capabilities that have significantly different risks.For example, an address book application that simply uses the internetto check for updates has less of a privacy risk than an address bookapplication that reads contacts and sends those contacts to theInternet. In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes data object todetermine if there are code paths by which data returned or produced byone API or service are sent to another API or service. For example,server 3551 may perform taint tracking between two APIs to determinewhether an application transfers data between APIs. For example, server3551 may determine if there is a code path in a data object by whichdata returned by any call to the contact API on a mobile device can beprovided to any network API on the device. If there is such a code path,server 3551 determines that the data object has the capability ofsending contacts to the internet. Having such a capability may be morevaluable during further analysis by server 3551 or by a user than simplyknowing that an application accesses contacts and that it accesses theinternet. Many applications may use both permissions; however, fewer mayactually send contact data to the internet. A user or an automatedanalysis system will be able to use the capability of knowing that thereis a code path between two APIs as a much stronger indicator ofcapabilities than less granular capability measurements.

In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes behavioral data to determinecapabilities for a data object. For example, server 3551 may look for adata object making phone calls, sending SMS messages, accessing theinternet, or performing other actions that indicate a particularapplication capability. In some cases, it is important not only tounderstand what single functions are utilized by a data object, but alsowhether an application exchanges data between APIs. For example, anapplication that uses the internet and can read a device's contact listmay have multiple capabilities that have significantly different risks.For example, an address book application that simply uses the internetto check for updates has less of a privacy risk than an address bookapplication that reads contacts and sends those contacts to theInternet. In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes data object todetermine if there are code paths by which data returned or produced byone API or service are sent to another API or service. For example,server 3551 may perform taint tracking between two APIs to determine ifwhether an application transfers data between APIs. For example, server3551 may determine if there is a code path in a data object by whichdata returned by any call to the contact API on a mobile device can beprovided to any network API on the device. If there is such a code path,server 3551 determines that the data object has the capability ofsending contacts to the internet. Having such a capability may be morevaluable during further analysis by server 3551 or by a user than simplyknowing that an application accesses contacts and that it accesses theinternet. Many applications may use both permissions; however, fewer mayactually send contact data to the internet. A user or an automatedanalysis system will be able to use the capability of knowing that thereis a code path between two APIs as a much stronger indicator ofcapabilities than less granular capability measurements.

In an embodiment, server 3551 runs a data object in a virtual (e.g.,simulated or emulated) or physical device and analyzes the behavior ofthe data object when run. In an embodiment, the virtual or physicaldevice is instrumented so that it reports behavioral data for the dataobject. In an embodiment, the virtual or physical device's networktraffic, calls, and SMS messages are analyzed by server 3551. Forexample, a virtual device may be configured to always report a specificlocation via its location APIs that are unlikely to occur in any realworld circumstance. By analyzing the device's network traffic forvarious encodings of that location, such as a binary double encoding,base 64 encoding, and text encoding, server 3551 is able to determinewhether the data object attempts to report the device's location to aserver. In an embodiment, server 3551 examines the difference in stateof the virtual or physical device before the data object is run on thedevice and after the data object has run. For example, a data object mayexploit the kernel on a device upon which it is installed in order toinstall a stealth rootkit. In this case, a virtual device may show asubstantial difference in certain sections of memory, such as in asystem call dispatch table, that should not change under ordinarycircumstances. In an embodiment, the physical or virtual device has acustom root certificate authority in its list of trusted certificatesand server 3551 intercepts all TLS traffic, using a server certificatethat is signed by the custom certificate authority, and proxies thetraffic to its original destination. Because the device has a customcertificate authority, the data object is able to establish a valid TLSconnection through server 3551 and all encrypted traffic is able to beanalyzed by server 3551.

Aside from capabilities of a data object, it may be important for server3551 to gather metrics relating to a data object's effect of running ona device or its usage of capabilities on a device. For example, overuseof network data, email, or SMS messaging may be considered abusive orindicative of a malicious or exploited application. In an embodiment,server 3551 analyzes application data from many mobile communicationsdevices, such as metadata and behavioral data, device data, and otherdata it has available to it to produce metric data that characterizes adata object. For example, server 3551 may determine how much batteryusage an application requires on average for all devices or for aparticular device type, how much data a data object sends over anynetwork interface or over cellular vs. Wi-Fi network interfaces, howmany email messages or SMS messages a data object sends, how manytelephone calls an object makes, and other metrics.

Server 3551 may produce other characterization information from what hasbeen described above that may aid in further analysis by server 3551 toproduce an assessment or that may be exposed directly by server 3551. Inan embodiment, server 3551 analyzes network traffic informationassociated with a data object to produce network characterization data,such as a list of the servers the data object has connected to, theports and protocols on those servers data object communicates with, howmuch data is transmitted to and received from each server. In anembodiment, network characterization information includes whatproportion of devices running a particular data object connect to eachserver. For example, an application that connects to an IM server or aknown malicious bot command and control server may connect to only oneor a small number of servers on all devices that it is installed on;however, a web browser or application that allows user-specifiedconnections may connect to a very large number of different servers ondifferent devices. In an embodiment, if a data object connects to manydifferent servers, server 3551 informs one or more devices to notcollect network behavioral data for that data object to minimizeunnecessary data reporting. In an embodiment, the network trafficinformation is gathered as behavioral data from mobile communicationsdevices or gathered by server 3551 running the data object on a virtualor physical device.

Server 3551 may produce other characterization information from what hasbeen described above that may aid in further analysis by server 3551 toproduce an assessment or that may be exposed directly by server 3551. Inan embodiment, server 3551 analyzes network traffic informationassociated with a data object to produce network characterization data,such as a list of the servers the data object has connected to, theports and protocols on those servers data object communicates with, howmuch data is transmitted to and received from each server. In anembodiment, network characterization information includes whatproportion of devices running a particular data object connect to eachserver. For example, an application that connects to an IM server or aknown malicious bot command and control server may connect to only oneor a small number of servers on all devices that it is installed on;however, a web browser or application that allows user-specifiedconnections may connect to a very large number of different servers ondifferent devices. In an embodiment, if a data object connects to manydifferent servers, server 3551 informs one or more devices to notcollect network behavioral data for that data object to minimizeunnecessary data reporting. In an embodiment, the network trafficinformation is gathered as behavioral data from mobile communicationsdevices or gathered by server 3551 running the data object on a virtualor physical device.

In an embodiment, server 3551 determines whether a data object causes amobile communications device 3501 to access malicious Internet or otherpublic or private networks. For example, a data object that causes amobile communications device to access a malicious website may subjectthe device to exploitation. An embodiment allows for resolution oftransmitted Inter- or Intranet addresses (e.g., URLs) to determinewhether the address will direct the mobile communications device to asafe website, rather than a nefarious website or phishing scam. Thisinformation can be stored as it relates to a particular data object.

In order for a user to apply application policy to a mobile devicewithout having to make a separate decision for every single application,it may be helpful to categorize applications so that the user may simplydecide which categories of applications to allow or deny. In anembodiment, server 3551 categorizes a data object using data it hasavailable such as application data, device data, marketplace data, andcharacterization data. For example, if a data object is characterized ascalling location APIs on a mobile communications device, then server3551 may categorize the data object as a mapping or other location-basedapplication. In an embodiment, categories may directly map tocapabilities, such as applications that read your contact list orapplications that can send your location to the internet. Other examplecategories include whether a data object transmits any information froma mobile communications device's contact list, whether a data objectcauses other data such as a device's phone number to be transmitted by amobile communications device, and other behaviors that may affect theprivacy security of a mobile communications device. In an embodiment,server 3551 uses metric data for a data object to categorize it. Forexample, server may have a category of heavy battery users that includesdata objects that typically use more than 10% of a device's battery.Because the categorization may be dependent on device data in additionto characterization data, the category of battery wasters may depend onwhat type of device an assessment is for. For example, a data objectthat uses more than 10% of one device's battery may use only 5% ofanother device's battery.

In order for a user to apply application policy to a mobile devicewithout having to make a separate decision for every single application,it may be helpful to categorize applications so that the user may simplydecide which categories of applications to allow or deny. In anembodiment, server 3551 categorizes a data object using data it hasavailable such as application data, device data, marketplace data, andcharacterization data. For example, if a data object is characterized ascalling location APIs on a mobile communications device, then server3551 may categorize the data object as a mapping or other location-basedapplication. In an embodiment, categories may directly map tocapabilities, such as applications that read your contact list orapplications that can send your location to the internet. Other examplecategories include whether a data object transmits any information froma mobile communications device's contact list, whether a data objectcauses other data such as a device's phone number to be transmitted by amobile communications device, and other behaviors that may affect theprivacy security of a mobile communications device. In an embodiment,server 3551 uses metric data for a data object to categorize it. Forexample, server may have a category of heavy battery users that includesdata objects that typically use more than 10% of a device's battery.Because the categorization may be dependent on device data in additionto characterization data, the category of battery wasters may depend onwhat type of device an assessment is for. For example, a data objectthat uses more than 10% of one device's battery may use only 5% ofanother device's battery.

In an embodiment, if a data object does not directly providecategorization information, server 3551 can deduce such information. Forexample, if a data object communicates with a known instant messagingserver, server 3551 may determine that the data object is an IMapplication. For example, applications that connect to servers belongingto a popular social network may be classified during analysis as socialnetworking applications, applications that connect to a known maliciousIRC server may be classified as a malicious bot, and applications thatdrain one or more devices' batteries may be flagged as battery drainers.

Because the categorization of an application may be subjective anddifficult to determine automatically, it may be desirable to have one ormore persons, internal to an organization or as part of a collaborativecommunity effort, determine categories for an application. In anembodiment, server 3551 exposes an interface by which users can suggestcategories for a data object. For example, server 3551 may define acategory of applications that are inappropriate for children, theapplications having content that includes pornography or violence. Inthis example, one or more users can sign in to a community voting systemprovided as a web application where they can search and browse allapplications known to server 3551. The list of applications may bepopulated by marketplace crawling and application data reported bydevices. Each application may have a page whereby users can select theirrecommended category for that application. In an embodiment, the userinterface shows information about the data object, such as aggregatedapplication data, characteristics for the data object, and otherinformation available to server 3551 so that users can make a decisionbased on the output of analysis. In an embodiment, the user interfaceallows a user to select from a list of categories, add new categories,and add tags for a data object. In an embodiment, the user interface hasa discussion component so that that people may discuss the appropriatecategorization for a data object. In an embodiment, the category for anapplication is determined by a voting system by which users may selecttheir preferred category for the application, the category selected bythe most users being the authoritative category for the application. Inan embodiment, the user interface is displayed on a mobilecommunications device, displays a list of data objects installed on thedevice, and allows a user to suggest categories for those data objects.

In an embodiment, server 3551 processes application data and device datato determine distribution data for a data object. Distribution data mayinclude how widely a given application is currently distributed, whatthe growth of the application's distribution has been over the period oftime that the application has been available, what customerdemographics, such as geography, have installed the application, andother functions of the prevalence of an application amongst groups ofmobile communications devices. For example, server 3551 may examine howmany mobile communications devices report having installed a data objectat the current time to determine how prevalent that application is. Inan embodiment, server 3551 uses distribution data to determinetrustworthiness of a data object or to analyze a data object for risk,as is discussed below. For example, an application that has beeninstalled on many devices for a long period of time without beinguninstalled is likely to be less risky than an application that is brandnew and only installed on a few devices.

Because server 3551 may encounter legitimate applications that are indevelopment and therefore are not distributed widely, an embodiment isdirected to server 3551 identifying which applications may be indevelopment, thereby preventing them from being classified asundesirable in an anti-malware or other system. Server 3551 may receiveapplication data for a data object indicating that the data object hascharacteristics inherent to applications in development, such asdebugging symbols, debuggable permissions or flags, linkage to debugginglibraries, and other characteristics. Applications in development mayalso be likely to have low distribution or isolated distribution. Ifserver 3551 identifies that an application is in development, it maystore an indication of the application being considered in developmentand use the indication to prevent server 3551 from assessing theapplication as suspicious or undesirable or to decrease the likelihoodthat the server reaches such assessments. In an embodiment, whendetermining whether a data object should be treated as “in development,”server 3551 considers previous data objects encountered by devices thatencountered the data object in question. If the devices frequentlyencounter data objects that are in development, server 3551 is morelikely to classify the data object as in development. If the devicesinfrequently encounter data objects in development, server 3551 is lesslikely to classify the data object as under development.

In an embodiment, server 3551 establishes the reputation or level oftrust for the data object. In an embodiment, the level of trust isdetermined manually or automatically and assigned to a single dataobject, multiple data objects that are part of an application, multipleversions of an application, or for all applications from a givendeveloper on one platform or multiple platforms. In an embodiment, trustdata is stored by server 3551 on the server or in data storage 3511 soit may be subsequently used directly or as part of producing anassessment.

In an embodiment, trust is granted via a manual review process for anapplication. For example, if server 3551 deems application to be riskybased only on its capabilities (e.g., has access to private data and/orutilizes sensitive APIs), a user viewing the assessment may choose notto download it, even if the application is well regarded. To solve thisproblem, the application may be assigned a trust rating by manualreview. If the review deems the application to be trustworthy, theassessment reports the application as not risky; however, if uponreview, the application is determined to be suspicious, the assessmentmay continue to report the application as risky. Because a reputableapplication may consist of multiple data objects, may be updated withnew data objects, or may have versions for multiple platforms, it may beimportant to allow a trust rating to span multiple data objects,applications, and even platforms so that a manual review does not needto be completed for every version or file that is part of anapplication. Similarly, because many reputable software vendors mayproduce multiple applications that can be assumed to be trustworthy, itmay be desirable to automatically grant a high level of trust to dataobjects identified to originate from those vendors. In an embodiment,server 3551 grants a data object a high level of trust if the dataobject can be attributed to a trusted vendor or trusted applicationsthrough data available to server 3551 such as the data object'scryptographic signer, package name, or marketplace metadata.

In an embodiment, server 3551 uses distribution data and applicationdata to establish trust for an application. For example, if a popularapplication, such as Google® Maps, is installed on millions of mobilecommunications devices and there are multiple previous versions of theapplication all having the same cryptographic signer and similardistribution characteristics, subsequent versions of the applicationwith that cryptographic signer would be deemed to have a high level oftrust. If server 3551 encounters another application that has the samename as a popular application, such as Google® Maps, is installed ononly a few devices, and uses a different cryptographic signer, server3551 may grant the low-distribution application a low level of trust. Ananti-malware system may use such data indicating that a data object haslow trust to automatically assess a data object as undesirable or toflag it for manual review. In an embodiment, trust data for anapplication may take into account associated applications such asapplications determined to be created by the same developer on the sameplatform or on different platforms. For example if a company produces anapplication for one mobile platform that has a large number of users andgood ratings, and the company releases a new application on a differentplatform, the new application may be given a high trust rating based onits association to the first application.

In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes application data to determine ifa data object is part of a mobile communications device operating systemor preloaded by a manufacturer or operator. In an embodiment, if server3551 determines that a data object is part of a mobile operating systemor is preloaded, it is be granted a high level of trust automatically.

In an embodiment, server 3551 analyzes user-generated ratings andcomments for an application, such as those gathered by applicationmarketplace data gathering system 4405. For example, server 3551 may useratings and reviews to determine a trust rating for the application. Ifan application has low ratings and negative comments indicating that theapplication “crashes” or is otherwise “bad”, server 3551 assigns theapplication a low trust rating based on the reputation indicated in itscomments; however, if an application has consistently high ratings andmany reviews, server 3551 assigns the application a high trust rating.In another example, server 3551 uses ratings and reviews to as asubjective indicator of application quality for use in producingassessments for the application. If an application has a significantnumber of reviews with text indicating that the application “drainsbattery” or “sucks battery”, server 3551 determines that the applicationhas the reputation of having adverse battery effects and produces anassessment of the application indicating that.

In an embodiment, server exposes trust data to third-parties via an API.For example, trusted applications may be considered certified byLookout. In an embodiment, the trust level exposed by the API is binary(e.g., trusted, not trusted), fuzzy (e.g., 86% trusted, 11% trusted), orcategorical (e.g., fully trusted, malicious, suspicious, semi-trusted).Mobile application marketplaces may wish to display an indicator of thiscertification on an application download user interface as a signal thatthe application has a good reputation. In this case, server 3551 mayexpose an API by which third-parties can supply a data object oridentification information for a data object such as a hash identifier,package name, or cryptographic signer. After receiving a data object orenough information to identify one, server 3551 responds with anindication of whether the data object is considered certified or not. Inan embodiment, the response is an image indicating whether server 3551considers the data object to be certified or not. In an embodiment, theresponse contains a hyperlink to server 3551 whereby a user can verifythat the certification for the application is genuine. In an embodiment,the web page referenced by the hyperlink shows additional informationabout the application, such as why it was considered trusted or not(e.g., through manual review, comments, distribution data), whatpermissions are requested by the application, characteristics andcapabilities the application has, and commentary about the applicationduring manual review.

In an embodiment, server exposes trust data to third-parties via an API.For example, trusted applications may be considered certified bylookout. In an embodiment, the trust level exposed by the API is binary(e.g., trusted, not trusted), fuzzy (e.g., 86% trusted, 11% trusted), orcategorical (e.g., fully trusted, malicious, suspicious, semi-trusted).Mobile application marketplaces may wish to display an indicator of thiscertification on an application download user interface as a signal thatthe application has a good reputation. In this case, server 3551 mayexpose an API by which third-parties can supply a data object oridentification information for a data object such as a hash identifier,package name, or cryptographic signer. After receiving a data object orenough information to identify one, server 3551 responds with anindication of whether the data object is considered certified or not. Inan embodiment, the response is an image indicating whether server 3551considers the data object to be certified or not. In an embodiment, theresponse contains a hyperlink to server 3551 whereby a user can verifythat the certification for the application is genuine. In an embodiment,the web page referenced by the hyperlink shows additional informationabout the application, such as why it was considered trusted or not(e.g., through manual review, comments, distribution data), whatpermissions are requested by the application, characteristics andcapabilities the application has, and commentary about the applicationduring manual review.

In an embodiment, server exposes trust data to third-parties via an API.For example, trusted applications may be considered certified bylookout. In an embodiment, the trust level exposed by the API is binary(e.g., trusted, not trusted), fuzzy (e.g., 86% trusted, 11% trusted), orcategorical (e.g., fully trusted, malicious, suspicious, semi-trusted).Mobile application marketplaces may wish to display an indicator of thiscertification on an application download user interface as a signal thatthe application has a good reputation. In this case, server 3551 mayexpose an API by which third-parties can supply a data object oridentification information for a data object such as a hash identifier,package name, or cryptographic signer.

After receiving a data object or enough information to identify one,server 3551 responds with an indication of whether the data object isconsidered certified or not. In an embodiment, the response is an imageindicating whether server 3551 considers the data object to be certifiedor not. In an embodiment, the response contains a hyperlink to server3551 whereby a user can verify that the certification for theapplication is genuine. In an embodiment, the web page referenced by thehyperlink shows additional information about the application, such aswhy it was considered trusted or not (e.g., through manual review,comments, distribution data), what permissions are requested by theapplication, characteristics and capabilities the application has, andcommentary about the application during manual review.

Using data gathered by server 3551 or from an analysis system describedherein, server may produce an assessment (block 4513 of FIG. 45). Afterproducing the assessment, server 3551 may store the assessment of thedata object so that it may be retrieved at a later time (block 4515).Server may then transmit the assessment for the data object (block4517). For example, server may publish the assessment on an applicationprovider website, provide the assessment in the form of searchablereports, transmit a notification to a mobile communications device,transmit virus signatures containing the assessment that a given dataobject is known good or known bad, and transmit a response to an APIcall querying for the assessment of the data object. Such informationcan be in the form of readable text, a machine readable format, or mayinclude a “score,” a badge, an icon or other symbolic rating. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate that other situations in which server3551 transmits an assessment for the data object are possible withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure.

In an embodiment, assessment data includes the output from an analysissystem, such as characterization data, categorization data, trust data,and distribution data. For example, an assessment for a data object mayinclude (solely or in addition to other information) detectedcapabilities for the data object, average battery usage for the dataobject, average number of SMS or email messages sent by the data object,the most common servers the data object connects to, the average amountof network data for the data object, and trust ratings for the dataobject. One will appreciate that the above assessment data may beprovided as an input to server 3551. For example, a network operator orenterprise may operate a server that produces assessment data and feedsit data back to a master server. In another example, users may determineassessment data and provide it to server 3551 via an interface such as aweb application. In this case, users may provide subjective trust data,risk ratings, a categorization, or other assessment data that may beused by the server. In an embodiment, server 3551 combines assessmentdata received from multiple sources to produce an aggregated assessment.For example, if a malware author attempts to transmit an assessment toserver 3551 indicating that a malicious application is safe in the hopesof causing server 3551 to produce a false assessment, the server mayutilize the number of unique sources providing assessments and thetrustworthiness of those sources to produce the aggregated assessment.If one hundred assessments are received from different, reliable sourcessuch as network operators and enterprises that indicate the applicationto be malicious, but ten thousand assessments from a particularunverified source indicate the application to be safe, the serverproduces an aggregated assessment indicating the application to bemalicious.

In an embodiment, assessment data includes the output from an analysissystem, such as characterization data, categorization data, trust data,and distribution data. For example, an assessment for a data object mayinclude (solely or in addition to other information) detectedcapabilities for the data object, average battery usage for the dataobject, average number of SMS or email messages sent by the data object,the most common servers the data object connects to, the average amountof network data for the data object, and trust ratings for the dataobject. One will appreciate that the above assessment data may beprovided as an input into to server 3551. For example, a networkoperator or enterprise may operate a server that produces assessmentdata and feeds it data back to a master server. In another example,users may determine assessment data and provide it to server 3551 via aninterface such as a web application. In this case, users may providesubjective trust data, risk ratings, a categorization, or otherassessment data that may be used by the server. In an embodiment, server3551 combines assessment data received from multiple sources to producean aggregated assessment. For example, if a malware author attempts totransmit an assessment to server 3551 indicating that a maliciousapplication is safe in the hopes of causing server 3551 to produce afalse assessment, the server may utilize the number of unique sourcesproviding assessments and the trustworthiness of those sources toproduce the aggregated assessment. If one hundred assessments arereceived from different, reliable sources such as network operators andenterprises that indicate the application to be malicious, but tenthousand assessments from a particular unverified source indicate theapplication to be safe, the server produces an aggregated assessmentindicating the application to be malicious.

In an embodiment, assessment data produced by server 3551 includes oneor more ratings for a data object. For example, an assessment for a dataobject may include a rating for the data object's privacy by server 3551taking into account whether the application has the capability to sendlocation data, contact data, SMS messages, or files from a device to aserver. In another example, an assessment for a data object may includea rating for the data object's security by server 3551 taking intoaccount whether there are any known vulnerabilities for the application,whether the application listens for network connections on any ports,whether it meets secure coding guidelines, what the trust level of theapplication is, and whether there are any anomalies in the application(e.g., stealth code, decrypted code, structural anomalies). In anotherexample, an assessment for a data object may include a rating for thedata object's battery impact, such as estimated number of minutes ofphone battery life reduction, by server 3551 taking into account bytaking into account the battery usage data reported by devices. Inanother example, an assessment for a data object may include a ratingfor the data object's performance that is produced by server 3551 takinginto account the average CPU usage of the application and the frequencywhich the application does not respond to user input events. In anotherexample, an assessment for a data object includes a quality rating thatis produced by server 3551 taking into account the frequency ofapplication crashes, user comments, user ratings, and the average timethe application is kept on devices. In an embodiment, server 3551provides multiple ratings as part of one assessment so as to provideinformation about a data object along multiple dimensions. In anembodiment, assessments may be binary (e.g., good, bad) or fuzzy (e.g.,100%, 90%, 10%). In an embodiment, multiple ratings are combined into anoverall rating.

In an embodiment, server 3551 processes multiple data sources availableto server 3551 to produce a rating for the data object. For example,server 3551 may utilize application data, device data, characterizationdata, trust data, distribution data, and user-supplied data to determineif an application is malicious. The server may utilize a variety ofsystems or models applied to the data available at the server to producethe assessment. For example, producing an assessment of whether a dataobject is malicious may involve a malware detection system that includesa heuristic engine that analyzes characteristic data to identifybehavior of data objects that are likely to be malicious. Some exampleheuristics include detecting whether a data object utilizes anycapabilities to evade detection by hiding from application enumerationsystems on an the OS it is installed on, whether an application attemptsto modify itself, whether an application has capabilities associatedwith known spyware, and whether an application connects to knownmalicious servers.

One skilled in the art may appreciate that part of the analysisperformed at server 3551 to produce an assessment may be seen asextracting features for a data object, and another portion of analysismay be seen as applying a model to those features to produce a usefulassessment; thus, one may apply a variety of systems, such as artificialintelligence systems or algorithms, to process the features for a dataobject to reach a desired form of rating or assessment.

In an embodiment, server 3551 produces multiple assessments for a dataobject that take into account different device data or configurationinformation. For example, if server 3551 is configured to produceassessments of whether a data object will function correctly and if adata object malfunctions when installed on one type of device, butfunctions correctly when installed on another device type, server mayproduce two assessments for the data object. If server 3551 has an APIby which a mobile communications device 3501 can request an assessmentfor a data object given identifying information for the data object andthe mobile communications device has sent device data to server 3551,then server 3551 can provide the assessment for the data object thatcorresponds to the device requesting the assessment. If a device 3501where the data object would malfunction requests an assessment, thenserver 3551 will return the assessment indicating the malfunctioningbehavior of the data object on that device 3501. If a device 3501 wherethe data object would function correctly requests an assessment, thenserver 3551 will return the assessment indicating the correctlyfunctioning behavior on that device 3501.

In an embodiment, an assessment indicates whether a data object isallowed to run on a device given policy set by an administrator. Ifmultiple policies are configured on server 3551 and data storage 3511stores which policy is to be applied to a device 3501, then a given dataobject may have multiple assessments that depend on the policy of thedevice querying for an assessment. For example, if a device with astrict privacy policy requests an assessment for an application that canshare a user's location, server 3551 transmits an assessment indicatingthat the application is disallowed. If a device with a lenient privacypolicy requests an assessment for the same application, server 3551transmits an assessment indicating that the application is allowed. Inan embodiment, assessment data is not stored and only information usedto produce the assessment such as application data, device data,distribution information, characterization information, trust data, andcategorization information is stored and the assessment is performedupon request by applying policy to the stored information.

Although automated analysis systems may produce acceptable results mostof the time, there may be situations in which manual analysis overridesthe result of automatic analysis. In an embodiment, server 3551 storesmanual analysis results for a data object and transmits the manualanalysis results as an assessment. For example, server 3551 maycategorize an application as a social networking application based onits behavioral data; however, the application may actually be a wordprocessing application that allows the user to publish notes to a socialnetwork. In this case, a user or administrator may override thecategorization for the data object, server 3551 storing thecategorization and transmitting it in response to a request for anassessment for the data object. In another example, an anti-malwaresystem identifies data objects having certain characteristics asundesirable. It may also be desirable for a user to manually configureserver 3551 to treat particular data objects as undesirable. Server 3551stores a list of data objects that are considered undesirable and, whenasked for an assessment for one of these data objects returns anassessment indicating that the data object is undesirable.

Because it may be desirable for assessments about a data object toreflect the most up-to-date information available, in an embodiment,server 3551 first produces an assessment and then updates it ifadditional application data or device data becomes available or if theanalysis system itself is updated. In an embodiment, if a data object isre-assessed (e.g., because of new application data, device data, orupdated analysis systems), server 3551 stores the new assessment 4511and transmits it 4513. For example, after gathering device data andapplication data for a data object from ten devices, server 3551 maygenerate an assessment for that data object. Then, if server 3551receives device data and application data from one thousand moredevices, it may re-analyze the data object in light of the new data,producing a new assessment for the data object. If the updatedassessment is materially different from the first, actions such asnotifying devices or users may be performed by server 3551.

C. Anti-Malware System

D. Anti-Malware System

In an embodiment, server 3551 and mobile communications device 3501 areconfigured to function together to prevent malware or spyware fromadversely affecting mobile communications devices. Because mobilecommunications devices are limited in memory, processing ability, andbattery capacity, it may be desirable for server 3551 to performanalysis, such as the analysis described herein, to determine if anapplication is considered to be malware or spyware rather than eachdevice performing the analysis. Furthermore, it may be desirable forserver to store the results of the analysis so that if multiple devicesencounter the same application, the analysis does not need to berepeated. Additionally, it may be desirable for server 3551 to collectdata about potentially malicious applications, using data collectionsystems described herein, in order to provide data from a variety ofsources for use by analysis systems.

In an embodiment, when mobile communications device 3501 assesses a dataobject, such as an application package or executable, to determinewhether the data object is malicious or otherwise undesirable, thedevice sends a request to server 3551 for an assessment of the dataobject, the request containing identifying information for the dataobject. In an embodiment, the request transmitted by mobilecommunications device 3501 contains application data for the data objectfor use by the server in performing the assessment. For example, inaddition to transmitting identifying information such as anapplication's package name and hash, mobile communications device mayadditionally transmit the permissions requested by the data object andinformation, such as a list of APIs utilized, determined by the deviceby performing static analysis.

In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 gathers metadata fora data object by using operating system provided facilities andpotentially additional processing. For example, both the Blackberry andAndroid platforms provide mechanisms by which an anti-malwareapplication can query the list of packages installed on a device. Eachalso provides methods to query additional information about the packagessuch as cryptographic signature information and information about howthe packages choose to integrate or expose themselves to the operatingsystem.

In another example, mobile communications device 3501 may extractfeatures from a data object to assist in server 3551 producing anassessment. In an embodiment mobile communications device 3501 performsstatic analysis on the data object to extract application data totransmit to server 3551. For example, on Android, the device may analyzethe executable portion of an application packages, typically called“classes.dex”. The device may extract a list of inter-processcommunication calls directly or indirectly performed by the executablefile that utilize the “binder” mechanism and transmit information aboutthe calls to server 3551 for use in analyzing the application package.

In an embodiment, server 3551 may analyze the data object immediately,or may need to gather additional information using a process such as onedisclosed herein. After producing an assessment for the data object, theserver transmits the assessment to mobile communications device 3501. Inan embodiment, the assessment contains an indication of whether the dataobject is considered undesirable or not. For example, server 3551 maytransmit one of three assessments, known good, known bad, and unknown.If the server determines that the data object is known to be good (e.g.,because it has a high trust level), it will return an assessment thatthe data object is known good. If the server determines that the dataobject is known to be bad (e.g., because it is determined to be a pieceof malware), it will return an assessment that the data object is knownbad. If the server does not have enough information to make adetermination, it will return an assessment that the data object isunknown. In an embodiment, the assessment contains a risk level of thedata object or a confidence level of the known good or known badassessment so that mobile communications device or its user can use therisk or confidence level to determine how to classify the data object.

In an embodiment, server 3551 may analyze the data object immediately,or may need to gather additional information using a process such as onedisclosed herein. After producing an assessment for the data object, theserver transmits the assessment to mobile communications device 3501. Inan embodiment, the assessment contains an indication of whether the dataobject is considered undesirable or not. For example, server 3551 maytransmit one of three assessments, known good, known bad, and unknown.If the server determines that the data object is known to be good (e.g.because it has a high trust level), it will return an assessment thatthe data object is known good. If the server determines that the dataobject is known to be bad (e.g., because it is determined to be a pieceof malware), it will return an assessment that the data object is knownbad. If the server does not have enough information to make adetermination, it will return an assessment that the data object isunknown. In an embodiment, the assessment contains a risk level of thedata object or a confidence level of the known good or known badassessment so that mobile communications device or its user can use therisk or confidence level to determine how to classify the data object.

In an embodiment, the assessment transmitted by server 3551 to mobilecommunications device 3501 contains information as to why server 3551determined that the data object was undesirable. For example, server3551 may transmit the name of a malware family the data object wasdetermined to belong to or server may transmit an HTTP URL referencingserver 3551 that mobile communications device 3501 can use to displayadditional information about the data object, the URL containing anidentifier that is decoded by server 3551 to allow it to retrieve storedinformation about the data object. The web page may display additionalinformation such as the output from different analysis systems used toproduce the assessment. For example, the web page may displaydistribution information for the data object, information about commonservers connected to by the data object, information provided by humananalysis of the data object, trust data associated with the data object,information about the geographic distribution of the data object,information about similar data objects, and information about the authorof the data object.

It may be desirable to minimize requests mobile communications device3501 needs to send to server 3551 for assessments of data objects sothat the device minimizes the amount of data it transmits and receives,reduces time required to assess a data object, optimizes batteryconsumption, and minimizes load on server 3551. In an embodiment, amobile communications device 3501 maintains a local cache of assessmentinformation received from server 3551. The local cache may be storedusing a lightweight database such as SQLite or in a proprietary binaryfile format that is optimized for assessment storage. For example, thecache may contain an indication as to whether a data object wasundesirable or not, a risk level associated with a data object, anddefinition information such as identifying information for a dataobject. When a device scans a data object, it can look up the dataobject's identifying information in the local cache. If an assessmentfor the data object is cached, that assessment is used. If an assessmentis not cached, the device retrieves an assessment from server 3551. Inan embodiment, when a mobile communications device inserts an assessmentinto its cache for a data object encountered on the device, it generatesdefinition information for the data object. For example, a device mayuse the hash of a data object's content to ensure that it cachesassessment results from a server. In an embodiment, server 3551transmits definition information with an assessment so that mobilecommunications device can apply the assessment to the appropriate set ofapplications. For example, in some cases server 3551 may indicate thatan assessment only applies to a specific data object identified by ahash of its contents while in other cases the server may indicate thatan assessment applies to all data objects signed with the samecryptographic key.

In an embodiment, a mobile communications device 3501 stores a localcache of definitions for known good data objects and known bad dataobjects for use by a recognition component (described below) operatingon the mobile communications device. Using the recognition component,the mobile communications device can determine an assessment for asuspect data object if the local cache contains a definition andcorresponding assessment that corresponds to the suspect data object.For example, the definitions may use criteria such as hash identifiers,package names, and cryptographic signers to match a data object. Eachdefinition may have a corresponding assessment (e.g., “good”, “bad”). Ifa definition matches a suspect data object, the definition's assessmentis used for the suspect data object. If no definitions correspond to thedata object, such as the data being recognized as safe or not safe, thenthe mobile communications device 3501 may transmit application data forthe suspect data object to server 3551 for more comprehensive analysis.

In an embodiment, the cache is used as the primary storage ofanti-malware definitions that determine whether anti-malware software onmobile communications device 3501 will recognize a data object asmalicious or not without having to consult server 3551. In anembodiment, the cache stores definition information used by arecognition component on the device. For example, the cache may containdefinition information such as package names, cryptographic signers,byte sequences, patterns, or logic that is used to match data objects ona device with cached assessments. If the cache contains an entry linkinga particular byte sequence to an assessment of being a maliciousapplication and a data object on a device contains that byte sequence,then the device will determine that data object to be malicious withouthaving to contact server 3551. In an embodiment, the cache only containsdefinition information, all definitions corresponding to a singleassessment of a data object being malicious. In an embodiment, the cachemay contain assessment information, the assessment information possiblycontaining an identifier, as discussed above, which can be transmittedto server 3551 in order for the device to retrieve information fordisplay to a user. Such an identifier being used to retrieve data fromserver 3551 allows the cache to minimize the information it stores aboutpotential malware. In an embodiment, a device cache serves as both awhitelist and a blacklist. The cache contains definition information forknown good and known bad data objects so that if a data object isdetermined to be known good or known bad, the device does not need torequest an assessment from server 3551. In an embodiment, the cache thatserves as both a blacklist and a whitelist is used by a recognitioncomponent on the mobile communications device to determine if dataobjects are recognizably bad or recognizably good. If a data objectencountered by a device is neither recognizably good nor recognizablybad based on definition data stored in the cache, then the device maytransmit application data for the data object to server 3551 so thedevice can receive an assessment for the data object from the server. Inan embodiment, anti-malware software on a mobile communications deviceis installed with a pre-populated cache of definitions that are modifiedby the device as it receives new assessments or stored assessments aredeemed to be invalid.

In an embodiment, assessments and definitions cached on a device areonly considered valid for a period of time so that the mobilecommunications device does not rely on data that is potentially out ofdate. In an embodiment, cached assessments and definitions are storedindefinitely and considered to be valid without time constraint. In anembodiment, a device only stores certain types of assessments anddefinitions. For example, a device may only cache known good assessmentsor may only cache known bad assessments. In this case, definitions areonly stored if they have a corresponding assessment. In an embodiment,part of the cache is stored in volatile storage, such as RAM, and partof the cache is stored on non-volatile memory, such as flash. Becausevolatile memory is typically more limited yet much faster thannon-volatile memory, a device may store frequently accessed assessmentsand definitions in volatile memory while less frequently accessedassessments and definitions in non-volatile memory. For example, if ananti-malware system analyzes data objects every time they are opened, itmay be desirable to very quickly determine an assessment for a dataobject if it has been recently scanned and not changed. By storing arecently used definition and assessment in volatile memory, the devicecan recall the previous assessment very quickly.

In an embodiment, server 3551 transmits cache control information withan assessment, indicating whether the device should cache it and, if so,for how long. For example, server 3551 may transmit an assessment for apopular application from a reputable company, including cache controlinformation indicating that a device should cache the assessment. Ifserver 3551 transmits an assessment for a lesser-known application, itmay include cache control information indicating that a device shouldnot cache the assessment, as the application may turn out to beconsidered undesirable in the future after more is known about it. In anembodiment, server 3551 determines cache control information based onthe confidence of an assessment. For example, known good assessments forapplications that have a high trust level may be considered to be highlyconfident while assessments indicating that an application is unknowndue to lack of data available to the server may not be consideredconfident. In an embodiment, when an assessment expires, cacheddefinition information associated with the assessment is also expired.

Because retrieving cached assessments is faster than retrievingassessments from server 3551 (thereby minimizing the delay and overheadwith determining whether a data object is malicious or not), it may bedesirable to maximize the number of assessments that can be determinedlocally from cached data. In an embodiment, server transmits assessmentsto a mobile communications device without the device requesting theassessments and the mobile communication stores these assessments in itscache. Because all of the assessments available to server 3551 mayrequire more storage than is desirable on mobile communications device3501, server may only transmit a subset of its available assessments. Inan embodiment, server 3551 determines which assessments to transmit tomobile communications device 3501 by analyzing device data andapplication data. For example, server 3551 may store the operatingsystem a data object is compatible with associated with assessments fordata objects in such a way that the server can query for all of theassessments related to a given operating system. Server 3551 may thenonly transmit assessments to a mobile communications device that are fordata objects that are compatible with the operating system the device isrunning. The other assessments would not be transmitted to the devicebecause the data objects referenced by the other assessments are notable to run on the device's operating system. In another example, servermay use a device's country, language, or area code to determine whatassessments to transmit to the device. Users in the United States areunlikely to download Russian-language applications, just as users inRussia are unlikely to download Spanish-language applications.

In an embodiment, server 3551 stores which assessments it has alreadytransmitted to a device and the device has successfully received so thatassessments are not unnecessarily re-transmitted. If a device has notreceived assessments that are desired, the server transmits theassessments the next time the device connects. In order to efficientlytrack which assessments have already been received by a device, server3551 may group assessments, such that a given device receives allassessments in one or more groups. For example, a given group ofassessments may have changes (e.g., new data objects being assessed,changes to existing assessments) multiple times per day; however, adevice may be configured to receive updated assessments only once perday. To determine what assessments to transmit to a device, server mayrecord the time when a device has last received up to date assessmentsfor a group and only examine changes to the group since the device haslast received assessments. For example, if a device receives all of theassessments for a given group on Monday and two new assessments areadded to the group on Tuesday, then, if the device connects onWednesday, the server only needs to query what assessments have changedin the group since Monday and will determine that it needs to transmitjust the two added assessments. In an embodiment, server utilizes a pushservice such as one described herein to alert a device that there areadditional assessments that server is ready to transmit to the device.When using such a push service, when server updates assessments that arepart of a group, all devices that receive assessments from that groupcan be updated with the latest assessments nearly immediately.

There are a variety of ways in which assessments can be grouped byserver 3551 in order to selectively transmit assessments to a device.For example, there may be more assessments for data objects compatiblewith a given operating system than it is desirable to store on a device.In this case, the server may produce a group of assessments thatcorrespond to the most prevalent data objects, based on distributiondata or market data available to server 3551. In this case, devices willcache assessments for the data objects they are most likely toencounter. It is also possible to further improve the likelihood that adevice has assessments cached for data objects it encounters by server3551 analyzing the application data available at the servercorresponding to the data objects previously encountered by the deviceand predicting, based on those previous encounters, what data objectsthe device is likely to encounter in the future. Assessments for theselikely data objects can then be transmitted to the device.

Because the optimal amount of assessment data to cache on a device maybe different depending on a device's hardware, user behavior, or userpreferences, it may be desirable for that amount of data to be tunable.In an embodiment, the amount of assessment data to cache on a mobilecommunications device 3501 is determined by server 3551. For example,server 3551 may examine the amount of storage available on a device, thefrequency by which a user downloads applications, and how likelyadditional cached assessment data will be to reduce the number ofrequired assessment requests transmitted by the device. If a device hasa lot of available storage and its user downloads a lot of applications,then the server may determine to cache a large amount of assessmentdata; however, if a device has little available storage and its userrarely downloads applications, then the server may determine to cacheonly a small amount of data or no data. The server may also examineprevious assessment requests made by the device to determine if thoserequests could have been avoided by the device caching additionalassessment information. For example, if a device currently receivesassessments belonging to a particular group of applications and theserver is evaluating whether device should receive assessments for anadditional group of applications, the server examines previouslyassessment requests to determine how many of those assessments were inthe second group. If server 3551 determines that enough of theassessments requests would have been avoided, then it will starttransmitting assessments from both groups to the device. In anembodiment, a user can control the amount of storage to allocate tocached assessments on a mobile communications device 3501.

Instead of always producing an absolute assessment (e.g., known good orknown bad), it may be desirable for server 3551 to report that it doesnot yet have an assessment. In an embodiment, server 3551 transmits anassessment for a data object indicating that the object's undesirabilityis unknown. When mobile communications device 3501 encounters a dataobject, it transmits a request to server 3551 for an assessment, andreceives an unknown assessment, the device temporarily trusts the dataobject and retries the request for assessment at a later time. In orderto avoid unnecessary requests, the device increases the time delaybetween retries if it continues to receive unknown assessments. Duringsuch a period of temporary trust, the device does not re-transmit anassessment request every time a data object is scanned. For example, inan anti-malware system on a mobile device designed to scan files on afile system when they are accessed, the first access to a data objectmay result in the device transmitting an assessment request to server3551. If the server returns an unknown assessment, then the devicestores a temporary entry in its assessment database indicatingidentifying information for the data object, a temporary assessmentindicating that the data object is allowed, and the time period theassessment is valid for.

In an embodiment, server 3551 transmits information about a data objectin an unknown assessment and mobile communications device 3501 uses thedata assessment from server 3551 as an input into a local analysissystem. For example, mobile communications device 3501 may have aheuristic system that analyzes the content of a data object to determineif it is malicious. In the case of a known good or known bad result fromserver 3551, then the device either does not run the heuristic system ordiscards the result from the heuristic system. If server 3551 returns anunknown result including a trust level for the data object, device 3501combines result from the heuristic system with the trust level providedby the server to determine whether to treat the data object asundesirable or not. For example, mobile communications device 3501 mayscale the result from local analysis based on the trust level reportedby server 3551. If a heuristic system on the device determines that adata object is 66% risky and an unknown assessment from server 3551indicates that the data object has a suspicious 1% trust level, thedevice determines that the data object is undesirable; however, if theunknown assessment from server 3551 indicates that the data object has a70% trust level, then device 3501 determines that the data object isdesirable.

In order to respond to undesirable applications, such as malware andspyware, as soon as they are identified as such, it may be desirable forserver 3551 to transmit notifications to mobile communications device3501 about data objects that are determined to be undesirable afterpreviously being classified as good or unknown. In an embodiment, server3551 stores information about data objects encountered by mobilecommunications device 3501 so that if a data object encountered by thedevice was assessed to be good or unknown but was subsequentlydetermined to be undesirable, server 3551 may determine all of thedevices that have encountered the data object and transmits anotification indicating that the data object is undesirable. In anembodiment, server 3551 only transmits a notification to device 3501 ifthe data object that is the subject of the notification can operate onthe device's operating system. For example, if a device runs Blackberryand has encountered an Android spyware application, server 3551 wouldnot transmit a notification to the device; however, if the deviceencountered a Blackberry spyware application, server 3551 would transmita notification. As disclosed herein, the determination of whether a dataobject can operate on a given device may be determined by analyzingdevice data for the device and application data for the data object.

In an embodiment, the notification transmitted from server 3551 todevice 3501 is designed to be consumed by the device and includes bothidentification information and remediation information for the dataobject. For example the notification may utilize a push service providedby a platform vendor and include the package name and content hash for adata object. The notification may also specify a remediation action suchas “killing” any processes containing the data object, requesting for auser to uninstall the data object, and deleting the data object withoutuser intervention. In an embodiment, the notification includesinformation for display to a user about the data object such asremediation instructions, an explanation for why the data object isconsidered undesirable, or a request to take a particular action. In anembodiment, the notification is in the form of a human readable message,such as a text message, email, or telephone call. It may be desirablefor server to perform both human readable and machine readablenotification to ensure that a user responds to a dangerous data object.For example, server may transmit an email message to a user and transmita notification for the device to remove the data object without userintervention.

In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 contains a databaseof all data objects that are present on the device and server 3551transmits updated signature data to the device when a data objectencountered by the device is determined to be undesirable. When thedevice receives the updated signature data, it compares the updatedsignature data to data objects present on the device. If any objectsthat are present on the device are considered by the updated signaturedata to be undesirable, then the device immediately initiatesremediation actions, not waiting for the next time the data object isscanned.

If an anti-malware system performs an assessment for a data object, itmay be desirable to trust the data object as long as it hasn't changedto avoid having to re-assess the data object. In an embodiment, mobilecommunications device 3501 maintains a list of data objects identifiedthat have been analyzed and are considered to be desirable. When a dataobject is desired to be scanned, the device may first check this list tosee if the data object is present. If the object is present, the devicedoes not re-scan the object. After scanning a file and determining it tobe desirable, the device places an identifier for the data object in thelist. Example identifiers include a file name, filesystem nodeidentifier, or operating system specific data object handle. In anembodiment, the mobile communication saves this list of data objects tonon-volatile storage so that the list can be preserved even if thedevice is rebooted or runs out of battery. When storing assessments andlater accessing them, it's important that any stored assessments arevalid only for a particular set of data object content. If the dataobject's content changes, a different assessment may be necessary, asthe data object may have been modified to include malicious code thatwas not present in the original data object. In an embodiment, the listcontains a cryptographic hash of the content of the data object. Whenthe device determines whether the data object is considered to be on thelist, it compares the hash of the data object as stored on the devicewith the hash stored in the list. If the hash matches, the data objectis considered to be on the list. In an embodiment, the anti-malwaresoftware can determine when files are opened and closed. If a file onthe list is opened with write access, then it is removed from the list.While there are open writers to the file, the file cannot be added tothe list.

One will appreciate that an embodiment contemplate other ways forreducing network traffic while providing sufficient options for securingmobile communications devices. In an example, a mobile communicationsdevice can request an analysis of all of the data resident on the device(a “scan”) when the mobile communications device first starts up orpowers on, or when the application responsible for monitoring the mobilecommunication is first launched. This provides a baseline analysis ofthe security of the mobile communications device. Future scans may beperformed when new applications are accessed by the mobilecommunications device, or at pre-set time intervals, or upon userrequest. Scans may be adjusted depending upon the access to network3521. If connectivity is an issue, then only newer data may be assessed,or suspect data. Scans may be queued and performed when connectivityimproves.

In an embodiment, an anti-malware system on mobile communications device3501 has the capability to perform both an on-demand and a scheduledscan of all data objects present on a device. If the anti-malware systemutilizes server 3551 to perform assessments for the data objects, it maybe desirable to optimize the time required to perform the scan. Becausenetwork latency causes a delay between the time a request for anassessment is transmitted by a device and the time the device receives aresponse from server 3551, it may be desirable to pipeline requests insuch a way that the device does not simply idle while waiting for aresponse. In an embodiment, mobile communications device transmits arequest to server 3551 to provide assessments for multiple data objectsand server 3551 transmits assessments for those multiple data objects tothe device. For example, during an on-demand scan, a device may beconfigured to first enumerate all of the data objects on the device andthen send a request to server 3551 to assess all of the enumerated dataobjects. In another example, a device may enumerate ten data objects ata time, then send a request to the server and receive a response forthose ten data objects before scanning additional data objects. Inanother example, a device may enumerate data objects and transmitassessment request, continuing the enumeration process without waitingfor assessment responses from the server. The device may only wait forresponses when the enumeration is complete.

In an anti-malware system that blocks the loading or executing of a dataobject until the system has reached a disposition, it may be desirableto assess a data object before it needs to be loaded or executed. In anembodiment, mobile communications device 3501 proactively scans dataobjects and stores the results so that when the data object is loaded,the device can reference the previous scan result. For example, when adevice loads a program that depends on multiple other files (e.g., anexecutable that is linked to shared libraries), an anti-malware systemon the device may analyze the program to determine all of the librariesit depends on, send a request to server 3551 for assessments for theprogram and its dependent libraries, and then allow the program'sexecution to proceed once the device receives positive assessmentresults. When the device's operating system loads the libraries theapplication depends on, no request to server 3551 is needed because thesystem already has up-to-date assessments for the libraries. If thelibraries were not proactively analyzed, the total load time for theprogram could be greater as the device may have to wait for multiplerequests to server 3551 to occur in serial. In an embodiment, softwareon a mobile communications device analyzes data objects after they aredownloaded but before they are executed. For example, anti-malwaresoftware on a device may watch the download directory for new files ormay simply wait for files to be created, written to, and then closed.After the download completes, the software may initiate a scan of thenew file so that once the file is opened, the system already hasassessed it and can recall the previous assessment.

If an anti-malware system blocks user-requested or system operationswhile it is assessing a data object, it may be desirable to give theuser an indication that an assessment is in progress, especially if theassessment depends on a network connection that may have significantlatency. In an embodiment, an anti-malware system on mobilecommunications device 3501 displays a user interface indicating that adata object is being scanned when the system is scanning the data objectand blocking user-requested operations. For example, if an anti-malwaresystem prevents the execution of applications until the application andall of its dependent libraries have been assessed by interposing itselfin the application launch process, there can be a significant delayperceivable to the device's user. The annoyance associated with thedelay may be mitigated by informing the user what is happening insteadof the device simply seeming unresponsive. When a user launches anapplication, the device displays a user interface view indicating thatthe anti-malware system is assessing the application that the userlaunched. In an embodiment, the user interface allows the device's userto skip waiting for the scan to finish. For example, if the device'sscanning of a data object needs to connect to server 3551 and the userdoesn't want to wait, the user may proceed without waiting for theassessment to return. If the assessment subsequently returns that thedata object is malicious, the device may initiate remediation actions,such as killing any processes containing the data object and deletingthe data object, even though the data object was allowed to run.

A user may be interested in having an application assessed, but does notwish to wait for a response from server 3551. The user may choose toforego complete analysis and use the application while waiting foranalysis results. In such a situation, it would be helpful if server3551 or the user's mobile communications device 3501 could provide atemporary trustworthiness evaluation prior to formal analysis. Reportingcan be in the form of an interface element, a notification, a warning, arisk rating, or the like. In an embodiment, the mobile communicationsdevice 3501 can run a local analysis to determine whether an applicationis temporarily trustworthy. It may also be desirable to show informationabout a data object on a user interface that indicates when ananti-malware system is waiting for an assessment from a server so thatusers do not accidentally skip items that are high risk. In anembodiment, the waiting user interface shows the result of localanalysis while waiting for an assessment from server 3551. For example,the user interface may show the capabilities of the data object or arisk score for the data object. In an embodiment, the device only allowsa user to skip waiting for an assessment from server 3551 if localanalysis determines that the data object is low risk. For example, arisk score may be calculated by analyzing what sensitive functionality adata object accesses. A data object that accesses a user's contact listand browser history may be deemed more risky than a data object thatdoesn't access any sensitive functionality.

In an embodiment, an anti-malware system on device 3501 determineswhether it should wait for a response from server 3551 before reaching aconclusion based on the context of the scan. For example, scans thatoccur during system startup or when there is no active networkconnection should not block waiting for a response from the server. Inorder to determine if there is a network connection, the anti-malwaresystem may rely on a variety of methods such as querying networkinterface state information provided by the operating system andanalyzing whether requests to server 3551 time out. If the anti-malwaresystem intercepts system calls, scans that occur as a result of thesystem trying to execute a data object should block while waiting for aresponse from server 3551 while scans that result from an applicationgetting information about a data object (e.g., file manager extractingan icon for the data object) should not block while waiting for aresponse. In an embodiment, if a request for a data object assessment isunable to be completed, it is retried at a later time.

In an embodiment, the anti-malware system skips portions of server orlocal analysis if an accurate assessment can be produced without theadditional analysis. For example, if local analysis determines that adata object is not risky, then the device may not request an assessmentfrom server 3551—the device may only request an assessment from server3551 if the data object being scanned has a minimum riskiness asdetermined by a local analysis component on the device. In an example,the determination of whether to skip waiting for additional results isdetermined by both the results and which system returned each result. A“bad” result from local analysis before receiving a result from server3551 may be enough to treat a data object as malicious; however, a“good” result from local analysis may still require the system to waitfor an assessment from server 3551 to confirm that the data object isgood before determining a final disposition.

In an embodiment, if multiple analysis systems produce differentresults, the anti-malware system on a device analyzes the results of thesystems to make a determination as to the final disposition of a dataobject, the determination taking into account both what results wereproduced and which system produced each result. For example, theanti-malware system may determine that a single undesirable result isenough to flag a data object as undesirable. In another example, server3551 may be treated as authoritative or server 3551 may transmit aconfidence level of its assessment so that device 3501 can determinewhether to treat the assessment as authoritative or not. In anotherexample, known bad results from server 3551 may be authoritative butknown good results from server can be overridden by a known bad resultfrom a local analysis system on device 3501.

In an embodiment, server 3551 stores a list of malware or otherundesirable applications that have been detected on the device and whichare still active on the device. In order for this list to be populated,mobile communications device 3501 sends events to server 3551, includingwhenever it encounters an undesirable application, whenever anundesirable application is removed, and whenever an undesirableapplication is ignored. The events include identifying information fordata objects so that server 3551 can correlate the events with knowndata objects. For example, because a user may choose to ignore malware,it's important for the user to be able to see his or her list of ignoredmalware to avoid a situation where a malicious user installs malware onsomeone else's phone and configures anti-malware software on the phoneto ignore the malware, preventing the system from automatically removingit. In this circumstance, the legitimate user of the phone is able totell that a piece of malware is active on his or her device, but isignored. In an embodiment, because server 3551 has data indicatingwhether device 3501 currently has active malware, network access can beallowed or denied to the device depending on its malware state by anetwork access control system querying server 3551 for the state of agiven device.

In an embodiment, server-side or “cloud” analysis may be performed usinga version of the three-component system described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,621, which is incorporated in full herein.An example of a three-component system is illustrated in FIG. 43 andincludes a first component 4303 that may be used to recognize data thatis safe, or “known good” (also referred to herein as forming part of orbeing included on a “whitelist”). A second component 4305 may be used torecognize data that is malicious, wastes device resources, or is “knownbad” (also referred to herein as forming part of or being included on a“blacklist”). A third component 4307 is a decision component that may beused to evaluate data that is neither known good nor known bad, i.e.,“unknown.” In an embodiment, known good component 4303 and known badcomponent 4305 may reside on mobile communications device 3501, anddecision component 4307 may reside on server 3551. In an embodiment,known good component 4303, known bad component 4305 and decisioncomponent 4307 may all reside on server 3551. In an embodiment, portionsof known good component 4303, known bad component 4305 and/or decisioncomponent 4307 may reside on mobile communications device 3501, andportions of known good component 4303, known bad component 4305 and/ordecision component 4307 may reside on server 3551. In an embodiment,known good component 4303 and known bad component 4305 reside on server3551 while decision component 4307 resides on mobile communicationsdevice 3501.

For example, data store 3511 may contain malware definitions that arecontinuously updated and accessible by server 3551. The mobilecommunications device 3501 may be configured to send application data,such as a hash identifier, for a suspect data object to server 3551 foranalysis. Server 3551 may contain known good component 4303, known badcomponent 4305 and decision component 4307, or the components may bedistributed across two or more servers. The one or more servers maythereby use application data to determine if the suspect data object isa recognizably safe data object. If the suspect data object isrecognizably safe, then the one or more servers may notify the mobilecommunications device or instruct the device that it may accept andprocess the data object. The one or more servers may then useapplication data to determine if the suspect data object is recognizablymalicious. If the suspect data object is recognizably malicious, thenthe one or more servers may notify the mobile communications device orinstruct the device to reject the data object and not process itfurther. The known good and known bad components may have a variety ofmethods for recognizing known good and known bad data objects. The data,logic, and any other information used by known good and/or known badcomponents to identify recognizably good or recognizably bad dataobjects, respectively, may be called “signatures” or “definitions”(explained further below).

If the known good and known bad components are inconclusive, one or moreservers may perform additional analysis to reach a decision as to thedisposition of the data object. In an embodiment, server 3551 contains adecision component that uses one or more analysis systems to analyzeapplication data for the data object and make a determination as towhether the data object is considered undesirable or not. In anembodiment, if there is not enough information to perform the additionalanalysis, then the one or more servers may request that a mobilecommunications device send additional application data to the server foranalysis. For example, a device may initially send a hash identifier,package name, and cryptographic signer information for a data object toa server for analysis. If the known good or known bad component fails toidentify the data object as known good or known bad, the server mayrequest that the device send the whole data object to the server so thatthe data object itself may be analyzed. Upon receiving additionalapplication data, further analysis to reach a disposition for whether adevice should accept or reject the data object may be performed by adecision component 4307 or manually. In an embodiment, the server storeswhether or not a given data object needs manual analysis so that ananalysis team may easily determine what data objects need to beanalyzed.

If the known good and know bad components are inconclusive, one or moreservers may perform additional analysis to reach a decision as to thedisposition of the data object. In an embodiment, server 3551 contains adecision component that uses one or more analysis systems to analyzeapplication data for the data object and make a determination as towhether the data object is considered undesirable or not. In anembodiment, if there is not enough information to perform the additionalanalysis, then the one or more servers may request that a mobilecommunications device send additional application data to the server foranalysis. For example, a device may initially send a hash identifier,package name, and cryptographic signer information for a data object toa server for analysis. If the known good or known bad component fails toidentify the data object as known good or known bad, the server mayrequest that the device send the whole data object to the server so thatthe data object itself may be analyzed. Upon receiving additionalapplication data, further analysis to reach a disposition for whether adevice should accept or reject the data object may be performed by adecision component 4307 or manually. In an embodiment, the server storeswhether or not a given data object needs manual analysis so that ananalysis team may easily determine what data objects need to beanalyzed.

Because an assessment for a data object may rely on human analysis to beproduced, server 3551 may use analysis systems to produce store a listof suspicious data objects that need further study. In an embodiment,some results from analysis systems on server 3551 produce assessmentsthat are transmitted to mobile communications device 3501 and othersidentify data objects as needing human analysis. For example, if server3551 utilizes a set of heuristics to identify malicious applications,some set of the heuristics may be well tested and provide acceptableaccuracy in correctly identifying malicious behavior while another setof heuristics may be experimental, requiring human analysis to determineif the results are acceptable.

Because an assessment for a data object may rely on human analysis to beproduces, server 3551 may use analysis systems to produce store a listof suspicious data objects that need further study. In an embodiment,some results from analysis systems on server 3551 produce assessmentsthat are transmitted to mobile communications device 3501 and othersidentify data objects as needing human analysis. For example, if server3551 utilizes a set of heuristics to identify malicious applications,some set of the heuristics may be well tested and provide acceptableaccuracy in correctly identifying malicious behavior while another setof heuristics may be experimental, requiring human analysis to determineif the results are acceptable.

The following describes each of the components identified above in moredetail. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that since the totalnumber of known good applications for mobile communications devices canbe identified, use of the known good component 4303 coupled to adatabase, logic, or other data store containing definitions for knowngood data objects (e.g., application data such as hash identifiers) maysignificantly reduce false-positive undesirable application detectionand reduce the need to perform computationally expensive analysis or tocontact a server for analysis. One will also appreciate that use of aknown good component 4303 may be particularly effective for data thatcontains executable software code. Executable software code for a givenapplication rarely changes between different mobile communicationsdevices, so creating a database of known good application data or logicfor evaluating application data may be an effective method forrecognizing safe or trustworthy data. This database may vary in sizedepending upon the resources available on the mobile communicationsdevice. Alternatively, aspects of this disclosure, such as the knowngood component and known bad component, may have access to a remoteserver with a larger library of application data for known good or baddata objects, such as server 3551 coupled to a data store 3511 in FIG.35.

In an embodiment, known bad component 4305 may have access to adatabase, logic, or other data store containing definitions for knownbad data objects that can be stored on the mobile communications devicewithout occupying a significant amount of memory. For example, virus andother malware or spyware definitions can include application data suchas hash identifiers, package names, cryptographic signers, bytesequences, and byte patterns stored in a database or other memory cache.In other words, there may be a known bad database that complements theknown good database stored on mobile communications device 3501.Additionally or alternatively, known bad component 4305 may be capableof identifying malware using characteristics common to other malicioussoftware code. When applied to network data or data files, known badcomponent 4305 may have access to a database containing patterns orother characteristics of a protocol data unit or file format whichpresents a security threat. Known bad component 4305 may also identifydata that undesirably affects a mobile communications device, such asexposing vulnerabilities, draining battery life, transmitting private orunauthorized information to third parties, or using up unnecessarydevice resources. Similar to the known good component 4303 and database,any data identified as “bad” may be deleted, quarantined, or rejectedfrom further processing by the mobile communications device. If a knownbad data object is detected, an embodiment may also display anotification or other message similar to that described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,635, entitled “SECURITY STATUS ANDINFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008 and incorporated infull herein.

In an embodiment, known bad component 4305 may have access to adatabase, logic, or other data store containing definitions for knownbad data objects that can be stored on the mobile communications devicewithout occupying a significant amount of memory. For example, virus andother malware or spyware definitions can include application data suchas hash identifiers, package names, cryptographic signers, bytesequences, and byte patterns stored in a database or other memory cache.In other words, there may be a known bad database that complements theknown good database stored on mobile communications device 3501.Additionally or alternatively, known bad component 4305 may be capableof identifying malware using characteristics common to other malicioussoftware code. When applied to network data or data files, known badcomponent 4305 may have access to a database containing patterns orother characteristics of a protocol data unit or file format whichpresents a security threat. Known bad component 4305 may also identifydata that undesirably affects a mobile communications device, such asexposing vulnerabilities, draining battery life, transmitting private orunauthorized information to third parties, or using up unnecessarydevice resources. Similar to the known good component 4303 and database,any data identified as “bad” may be deleted, quarantined, or rejectedfrom further processing by the mobile communications device. If a knownbad data object is detected, an embodiment may also display anotification or other message similar to that described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/255,635, entitled “SECURITY STATUS ANDINFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM,” filed on Oct. 21, 2008 and incorporated infull herein.

Decision component 4307 may be used to evaluate data that cannot becharacterized as either known good or known bad. Since a majority of thedata received on the mobile communications device 3501 may fall withinthis category, this component may reside on server 3551. This componentmay utilize a variety of methods to produce an assessment for a dataobject, including using any of the analysis systems disclosed herein.For example, decision component 4307 may apply static analysis, dynamicanalysis, distribution analysis or other methods of analysis in order todetermine whether received data may be passed to its intendeddestination or rejected to prevent harm from befalling the device.Examples of this analysis are discussed below.

The following examples illustrate how one or more servers can be used toaugment or replace the methods described in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/255,621.

Multiple systems containing known good component, known bad component,and decision component are possible. Depending on the specific types ofdata being analyzed and the types of security threats being prevented,different orders of execution and logic applied to each component'soutput can be employed. In an embodiment, if data is not determined tobe good by known good component 4303 (block 4205), it will be rejectedfrom processing 4213. Data that known good component 4303 determines tobe good (block 4205) is still analyzed by known bad component 4305(block 4207). If known bad component 4305 determines data to be bad(block 4207), it is rejected from processing 4213, otherwise data may beanalyzed by decision component 4307 (block 4209). In an embodiment, ifdata is not determined to be known good by known good component 4303,known bad component 4305 analyzes it. If known good component determinesthe data to be good, it is allowed. If known bad component 4305determines the data to be bad, it will be rejected from processing 4213.If known bad component 4305 does not determine the data to be bad, thedata may be analyzed by decision component 4307 to reach an assessmentfor the data.

An example analysis of network data or data files present on a mobilecommunications device is shown in FIG. 42. As shown in FIG. 42, block4201 may involve gathering data sent to or received from the mobilecommunications device. The data may be analyzed to identify its protocoland track state (block 4203). In block 4205, known good component 4303resident on the mobile communications device may evaluate the gathereddata for known good characteristics. Known good characteristics mayinclude the characteristics previously discussed or described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621. If the data contains sufficientknown good characteristics, it may be allowed to proceed to its intendeddestination (block 4211) for processing, execution or other operation.Alternatively, the data may be further analyzed by known bad component4305 resident on the mobile communications device to confirm that thedata is truly safe (block 4207). If known bad component determines thatthe data is truly safe, then the data may be allowed to proceed to itsintended destination (block 4211). Decision component 4307 may also beavailable to provide a final check (block 4209) before allowing the datato proceed (block 4211).

Analysis of a data object may be performed at any time. For example, thedata object may be evaluated prior to access or download, or afterdownload but prior to installation, or after installation, prior toinstallation of a new version of the data object, or after theinstallation of a new version of the data object, if the data is anapplication. In an embodiment, a data object that has not yet beendownloaded to a device is evaluated by using identifying informationabout the data object. For example, if an application market accessibleto a mobile communications device makes applications available fordownload and provides identifying information about the data object suchas a hash of the application's content or a package name for theapplication, software on the mobile communications device can use theidentifying information to determine an assessment for the applicationby evaluating the identifying information locally using any of thesystems described herein or by transmitting the identifying informationto server 3551 and receiving an assessment from the server. In thismanner, the software on the mobile communications device can assesswhether applications are undesirable or not before a user downloadsthem.

At any point during the analysis, if either known good component 4303,known bad component 4305 or decision component 4307 (discussed furtherbelow) determines that the data is not good, or affirmatively containssecurity threats, data inconsistencies, etc., then in block 4213 thedata will be blocked, rejected, deleted or quarantined. In anembodiment, a signal event or security event information log may beupdated to record the encounter with the contaminated data.

The analysis of executable data such as applications, programs and/orlibraries on the mobile communications device may proceed as illustratedin FIG. 43. In block 4301, the executable is determined to need to beclassified as either good or bad as a result from an attempt to accessthe executable, installing the executable, or the executable beingdownloaded or otherwise transferred to the mobile device. The executablemay or may not be pre-processed to extract additional application datasuch as a hash identifier, cryptographic signer, package name or othercharacteristics before being evaluated by known good component 4303resident on the mobile communications device (block 4303). Thisevaluation may include comparing the executable's hash identifier orother characteristics against a database of known good characteristics,identifying whether the executable has sufficient known goodcharacteristics, or any of the criteria discussed above or described inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,621.

If the executable is recognized as known good, then in block 4311, itmay be allowed to execute its code or proceed to its intendeddestination for processing or other operation. If known good component4303 fails to allow the executable data, then known bad component 4305resident on the mobile communications device may perform its analysis(block 4305). If known bad component 4305 confirms that the executableis malicious, then the executable may be quarantined, rejected, ordeleted, and the event may be logged (block 4309). If known badcomponent 4305 is unable to characterize the executable, then thedecision component 4307 may perform its analysis as described furtherbelow (block 4307). If decision component 4307 ultimately determinesthat the executable is safe, then the executable is allowed (block4311). If decision component 4307 ultimately determines that theexecutable is not safe, or remains unsure, then the executable may bequarantined (block 4309). One will appreciate that since executables maycontain code that can cause significant harm to the mobilecommunications device, it may require more rigorous analysis before theexecutable is allowed to proceed.

One will appreciate that known good component 4303 and known badcomponent 4305 can be kept lightweight on the resident mobilecommunications device by only storing definition information about thoseapplications most likely to be accessed by the mobile communicationsdevice. As described above, such information may be determined, forexample, based upon device data, the applications previously installedon the mobile communications device, and the way the mobilecommunications device is used (e.g., work versus entertainment,accessing public networks versus private networks, etc.). One willappreciate that each mobile communications device may store differentdefinition information, and that an embodiment contemplates suchgranularity.

As discussed above and throughout, an embodiment is directed toserver-side analysis of data in the event that known good component 4303and known bad component 4305 are unable to determine whether the data issafe. In an embodiment, decision component 4307 resides on one or moreservers 3551 in communication with the mobile communications device overnetwork 3521, i.e., “in the cloud.” The decision component may rely onone or more analysis systems, such as the analysis systems disclosedherein. Because decision component 4307 resides on computing resourcesthat are more powerful than the mobile communications device, it canprovide a more robust analysis to determine if data should be consideredbad or good for device 3501. Furthermore, analysis that takes place onserver 3551 can take advantage of data collected by the server toproduce an assessment that would not be possible only relying on dataavailable to mobile communications device 3501. For example, decisioncomponent 4307 on server 3551 may determine that a data object ismalicious if behavioral data reported by devices indicate that the dataobject sends premium-rate SMS messages or dials premium-rate phonenumbers on devices that it is installed on.

In an embodiment, decision component 4307 utilizes one or more types ofinternal analysis systems to characterize whether a data object is goodor bad. The decision component 4307 is designed to detect securitythreats without specific definitions for the threats being protectedagainst. In other words, decision component 4307 may operate as anadditional security component to compensate for any weaknesses fromknown good component 4303 or known bad component 4305 and to identifynew threats that have not been previously identified.

One will appreciate that there are a number of analysis systems that maybe utilized by decision component 4307, including but not limited tosystems that use heuristic algorithms, rule-based or non-rule-basedexpert systems, fuzzy logic systems, neural networks, or other methodsby which systems can classify a data object. As described above, suchsystems may use a variety of data available to decision component 4307,including but not limited to distribution data, characterization data,categorization data, trust data, application data, and the like. Forexample, decision component 4307 may analyze applications, libraries, orother executables on a mobile communications device. In an example, thedecision component 4307 may contain a neural network which analyzescharacteristics of an executable and determines a security assessmentbased on network connection characteristics. Such characteristics may bedetermined based on information contained in the executable file formator as a result of processing the content of the executable file. Inanother example, the decision component 4307 may contain anexpert-system which analyzes the behavior of an executable throughfunction calls, system calls or actions an executable may take on anoperating system. If an executable calls in a way that signifiesmalicious behavior, the system may flag that executable as potentialmalware and action may be taken.

One will appreciate that there are a number of analysis systems that maybe utilized by decision component 4307, including but not limited tosystems that use heuristic algorithms, rule-based or non-rule-basedexpert systems, fuzzy logic systems, neural networks, or other methodsby which systems can classify a data object. As described above, suchsystems may use a variety of data available to decision component 4307,including but not limited to distribution data, characterization data,categorization data, trust data, application data, and the like. Forexample, decision component 4307 may analyze applications, libraries, orother executables on a mobile communications device. In an example, thedecision component 4307 may contain a neural network which analyzescharacteristics of an executable and determines a security assessmentbased on network connection characteristics. Such characteristics may bedetermined based on information contained in the executable file formator as a result of processing the content of the executable file. Inanother example, the decision component 4307 may contain anexpert-system which analyzes the behavior of an executable throughfunction calls, system calls or actions an executable may take on anoperating system. If an executable access sensitive system calls in away that signifies malicious behavior, the system may flag thatexecutable as potential malware and action may be taken.

If decision component 4307 is located on mobile communications device3501, it may be desirable to update rules or analysis parametersindependently of updating the executable code powering the decisioncomponent. In an embodiment, the decision component 4307 contains avirtual machine-based decision system by which an executable can beclassified by a set of rules that may be updated independently of thedecision component itself. Such a system is able to add new logic todetect certain new classes of undesirable applications on the flywithout having to update the whole decision component. The system maypre-process the executable so that the virtual machine's logic cansymbolically reference the executable rather than having to process theexecutable itself.

In an example, the decision component 4307 may consider third partyinformation to evaluate data. A person having skill in the art willappreciate that a mobile communications device 3501 is capable ofaccessing an application provider, such as Apple's App Store, theAndroid Market, or other software repository or digital distributionplatforms for providing applications available for download andinstallation on the mobile communications device. In an embodiment,server 3551 has access to such application providers and can collectinformation about specific applications. For example, server 3551 cansearch for and collect user-generated reviews or ratings aboutapplications. An application that has favorable ratings may be deemedsafe while an application with significantly negative ratings may bedeemed undesirable. Because server 3551 may also determine trust datafor data objects, the assessment for an application with negativereviews may only indicate that the application is undesirable if theapplication has a low trust rating while an application with a hightrust rating and negative reviews may still be considered desirable byan anti-malware system.

The above examples illustrate how decision component 4307 may utilize anumber of analytical methods in order to fully evaluate the threat levelof data received by or transmitted from the mobile communicationsdevice. Other examples may be contemplated without departing from thescope of this disclosure.

One will appreciate that identifying recognizably good data objects andrecognizably bad data objects, such as by mobile communications device3501 or server 3551, may be performed by a single component rather thanby separate “known good” and “known bad” components. In an embodiment, asingle recognition component performs the functionality of identifyingboth recognizably good and recognizably bad data objects.

In an embodiment, a recognition component utilizes definitions todetermine an assessment for a data object. The recognition componentfirst examines application data for a data object to determine if anydefinitions correspond to the data object. For example, if therecognition component has access to definitions that are hashes of dataobjects' content, a definition that has the same hash as the hash of agiven data object's content is determined to correspond to the dataobject. In another example, if the recognition component accessesdefinitions that contain byte sequence signatures, a definition with abyte sequence contained in a data object's content is determined tocorrespond to the data object. Each definition may be associated with anassessment so that the recognition component can examine applicationdata for a data object to determine a corresponding definition,determine a corresponding assessment for the definition, and thereforeproduce an assessment that corresponds to the data object. For example,the application data for a data object may include identifyinginformation such as the data object's hash, package name, uniqueidentifier, or other application data such as the data object's content.In an embodiment, the definitions used by a recognition componentrepresent known data objects. In this case, when the recognitioncomponent determines if an assessment for a known data objectcorresponds to a data object being analyzed, the data object beinganalyzed and the known data object do not have to be exactly the same.For example, if a first application from a particular developer isdetermined to be undesirable through analysis (e.g., manual analysis,automated analysis), a definition may be created for the firstapplication that matches the first application's package name. If thedeveloper creates a modified application that has the same package nameas the first application and the recognition component encounters themodified application, the definition is determined to correspond to themodified application because the package name in the definition matchesthe modified application's package name. The recognition component thendetermines that the undesirable assessment for the first applicationapplies to the modified application.

For example, a recognition component may access a database ofdefinitions, each definition indicating a hash of a data object'scontent and an indication of whether a data object to which thedefinition corresponds is considered to be good or bad. In anembodiment, the definitions used by one or more recognition componentsoperating on server 3551 are stored on server 3551 or on data storage3511. In an embodiment, known good component 4303 and known badcomponent 4305 are each implemented on server 3551 using a recognitioncomponent. For example, a known good component may include a recognitioncomponent where all of the definitions accessed by the recognitioncomponent correspond to an assessment that a data object is consideredto be good. In an embodiment, known good and known bad components areeach implemented as recognition components that match application datafor a data object against known good and known bad application data. Forexample, a known good component may have a list of known good hashidentifiers, package names, and cryptographic signers that it tries tomatch with data objects being analyzed. In an embodiment, if a dataobject has any characteristic in the known good list, it is consideredsafe. In an embodiment, a server may use a similar known bad system thatmatches known bad application data to application data for a data objectbeing analyzed. Other known good and known bad analysis systems arepossible without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In anembodiment, the recognition component produces a variety ofassessments—not simply “good” or “bad.” In an embodiment, therecognition component uses a single assessment instead of storingmultiple assessments if all definitions only have a single correspondingassessment, such as in the case where the recognition component onlyidentifies whether a data object is “known bad.” Other variations arealso possible without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

For example, a recognition component may access a database ofdefinitions, each definition indicating a hash of a data object'scontent and an indication of whether a data object to which thedefinition corresponds is considered to be good or bad. In anembodiment, the definitions used by one or more recognition componentsoperating on server 3551 are stored on server 3551 or on data storage3511. In an embodiment, known good component 4303 and known badcomponent 4305 are each implemented on server 3551 using a recognitioncomponent. For example, a known good component may include a recognitioncomponent where all of the definitions accessed by the recognitioncomponent correspond to an assessment that a data object is consideredto be good. In an embodiment, known good and known bad components areeach implemented as recognition components that match application datafor a data object against known good and known bad application data. Forexample, a known good component may have a list of known good hashidentifiers, package names, and cryptographic signers that it tries tomatch with data objects being analyzed. In an embodiment, if a dataobject has any characteristic in the known good list, it is consideredsafe. In an embodiment, server may use a similar known bad system thatmatches known bad application data to application data for a data objectbeing analyzed. Other known good and known bad analysis systems arepossible without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In anembodiment, the recognition component produces a variety ofassessments—not simply “good” or “bad.” In an embodiment, therecognition component uses a single assessment instead of storingmultiple assessments if all definitions only have a single correspondingassessment, such as in the case where the recognition component onlyidentifies whether a data object is “known bad.” Other variations arealso possible without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

FIG. 46 illustrates an embodiment used to assess data objects on amobile communications device. A mobile communications device 3501 mayfirst initiate a scan of a data object, such as in the case of a fullsystem scan or when the data object is being executed or installed 4601.The recognition component evaluates application data for the data object(e.g., package name, hash of data object's content, unique identifier,content of data object) to determine if a definition accessible to therecognition component corresponds to the data object (block 4602). Forexample, as discussed above, the correspondence may include matchingidentifying information for the data object to data contained in adefinition or matching the data object's content to sequences, patterns,or logic contained in a definition. If a definition corresponds to thedata object, then the recognition component determines the correspondingassessment for the data object. In an embodiment, recognition componentin block 4602 utilizes a data store of definition and assessmentinformation. For example, as discussed above, the definitions stored onthe mobile communications device may be pre-populated or populated whenthe mobile communications device receives the definition and assessmentinformation from server 3551. In an embodiment, the definitions storedon the mobile communications device may be considered a cache, the cachefunctioning as described above. If the recognition component on themobile communications device determines an assessment for the dataobject (block 4603), that assessment is processed to determine how totreat the data object (block 4604). For example, if the assessmentindicates that the data object is malicious, then the mobilecommunications device may disallow the data object from being executedor prompt the device's user to uninstall the data object. If therecognition component on the mobile communications device does notdetermine an assessment for the data object (block 4603), then mobilecommunications device 3501 transmits data object information such asapplication data (e.g., identifying information, content of the dataobject) to server 3551 (block 4605). The server receives the data objectinformation (block 4606), and a recognition component on serverevaluates the data object information to determine if a definitionaccessible to the recognition component corresponds to the data object(block 4607). If a definition corresponds to the data object (block4608), then server 3551 determines an assessment for the data object andtransmits it to mobile communications device (block 4609). If therecognition component does not determine a corresponding definition orassessment for the data object (block 4608), a decision component on theserver analyzes the data object information (block 4610). If thedecision component produces an assessment, then server 3551 transmitsthe assessment to the mobile communications device (block 4609). If noassessment is produced by the decision component, then the servertransmits an indication that the data object is unknown to the mobilecommunications device (block 4609). Mobile communications device 3501receives the assessment from the server (block 4611) and processes theassessment information to determine how to treat the data object (block4604). In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 addsinformation from the assessment received from server 3551 to its localdefinition cache when it processes assessment information (block 4604).For example, the device may store information such as a disposition forthe data object (e.g., “known good”, “known bad”, “malware”, “spyware”),an identifier transmitted by server 3551, and definition informationgenerated by the device or transmitted by server 3551 (e.g., hash of thedata object's content, data object's package name).

In an embodiment, mobile communications device performs analysis on adata object being scanned using a local decision component on the mobilecommunications device before transmitting data object information toserver 3551 in the case where the recognition component on the mobilecommunications device does not determine an assessment. In anembodiment, analysis by the local decision component and transmittingdata object information to the server occur in parallel to minimizedelay to a user. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a varietyof configurations of the components in a combined client-serveranti-malware system are possible without departing from the scope ofthis disclosure.

In an embodiment, mobile communications device performs analysis on adata object being scanned using a local decision component on the mobilecommunications device before transmitting data object information toserver 3551 in the case where the recognition component on the mobilecommunications device does not determine an assessment. In anembodiment, analysis by the local decision component and transmittingdata object information to the server occur in parallel to minimizedelay to a user. One skilled in the art that a variety of configurationsof the components in a combined client-server anti-malware system arepossible without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 transmitsauthentication information such as authentication credentials or sessioninformation to server 3551 whenever sending information about a dataobject so that server can associate information exchanged with aparticular account on the server.

D. Application Assessment and Advisement System

E. Application Assessment and Advisement System

Previous portions of this disclosure described various systems andmethods for collecting different types of data from one or more mobilecommunications devices and other sources as well as analyzing thecollected data to produce assessments for data objects. The following isa discussion of how server 3551 can use assessments for display,exposure via API, and a variety of other purposes. Some examples ofassessments that have been disclosed herein include output from one ormore analysis systems (e.g., characterization data, categorization data,trust data, and distribution data) and one or more ratings for a dataobject (e.g., security rating, privacy rating, battery rating,performance rating, quality rating). One having ordinary skill in theart will appreciate that assessment information pertains to a widevariety of information which can be used to understand the effects ofinstalling a given data object on a mobile communications device beyonda typical anti-malware system's assessment of whether the data object ismalicious or not. In addition, this assessment information can be usedto guide decisions regarding whether to download and install differenttypes of data objects. Such information can be useful to an individualuser trying to decide whether to install a certain application on hismobile communications device. Such information can also be useful to anIT administrator trying to decide whether to deploy a certainapplication to a plurality of mobile communications devices. In anembodiment, a user or IT administrator can use this assessmentinformation for application policy enforcement.

Previous portions of this disclosure described various systems andmethods for collecting different types of data from one or more mobilecommunications devices and other sources as well as analyzing thecollected data to produce assessments for data objects. The following isa discussion of how server 3551 can use assessments for display,exposure via API, and a variety of other purposes. Some examples ofassessments that have been disclosed herein include output from one ormore analysis systems (e.g., characterization data, categorization data,trust data, and distribution data) and one or more ratings for a dataobject (e.g., security rating, privacy rating, battery rating,performance rating, quality rating). One having ordinary skill in theart will appreciate that assessment information pertains to a widevariety of information which can be used to understand the effects ofinstalling a given data object on a mobile communications device beyonda typical anti-malware system's assessment of whether the data object ismalicious or not. In addition, this assessment information can be usedto guide decisions regarding whether to download and install ofdifferent types of data objects. Such information can be useful to anindividual user trying to decide whether to install a certainapplication on his mobile communications device. Such information canalso be useful to an IT administrator trying to decide whether to deploya certain application to a plurality of mobile communications devices.In an embodiment, a user or IT administrator can use this assessmentinformation for application policy enforcement.

One having skill in the art will appreciate that the data available toserver 3551 and assessments produced by the server are useful beyondanti-malware purposes. For example, the assessments can detail whether adata object is known for excessively draining a mobile communicationsdevice's battery or if a data object utilizes an undesirable amount ofnetwork resources. Because server 3551 continues to gather, store, andanalyze data to produce assessment information, in an embodiment, server3551 can provide information that details how a data object is estimatedto affect a mobile communications device before the data object isinstalled on the mobile communications device. For example, server 3551can provide estimated battery usage information and/or network usageinformation for an application.

When users interact with assessments, it may be desirable that theassessments represent an appropriate level of granularity so that usersdo not feel that the assessments are too broad or too narrow. In anembodiment, server 3551 merges assessments for multiple data objectsinto a single assessment and transmits the merged assessment. Forexample, if an application contains multiple data objects (e.g.,executable and multiple libraries), a user may wish to see an assessmentfor the application as a whole, not multiple assessments for itsconstituent data objects. Similarly, if there are multiple versions ofan application (on a single platform or multiple platform) that exhibitsimilar characteristics, an enterprise policy administrator making adecision about the application may only wish to view a single assessmentthat encompasses all versions of the application.

In order to merge assessments for multiple data objects, server 3551 mayuse application data such as file paths, version numbers, package names,cryptographic signers, installer source, and other information todetermine that a group of data objects pertain to a particular versionof an application and/or that one or more data objects or group of dataobjects belong to different versions of an application. For example, ifa set of executables are commonly seen in the same directory together,server 3551 may determine that those executables are all related to thesame application. In another example, if an application package has botha package name and a version identifier embedded in it, server 3551 maydetermine that two data objects with the same package name andhuman-readable application name but different version identifiers aremultiple versions of the same application.

Because it may be desirable for assessments to provide a consistent formof information between platforms, an embodiment is directed to server3551 including some or all of the same fields in assessments for dataobjects that run on different platforms. For example, even though thelocation APIs on different smartphone operating systems are verydifferent in their function, server 3551 may perform operating systemspecific analysis on data objects to produce a cross-platform assessmentof whether each data object accesses the device's location. If theassessment were in the form of a list of capabilities for the dataobject, both a mapping application on BlackBerry and a location-basedsocial network on Android would have the “accesses device location”capability. Similarly, battery usage may be calculated differently oneach platform, but server 3551 may produce a cross-platform assessmentof the estimated daily battery use measured as a percentage of totalbattery capacity. In an embodiment, merged assessments for multiple dataobjects include information about the range of characteristics andcategorization for data objects. For example, an assessment may show atrend in the battery usage of multiple versions of an application. Anapplication that used a lot of battery in an old version but hasrecently decreased its battery usage may be acceptable while anapplication that has consistently high battery usage may beunacceptable.

An embodiment is directed toward server 3551 making assessments for dataobjects available via a web interface. For example, users may wish to beable to learn more about the characteristics and capabilities ofapplications they have on their mobile devices. Server 3551 may expose,as a web interface, an index of applications for which assessments areavailable and an assessment for each of these applications. In order tofacilitate easy location of applications, server 3551 may organizeapplications in a variety of ways, such as alphabetically, by theircharacteristics, by their categorization, and by platform. In addition,server 3551 may allow a user to search for applications using terms thatmatch the application's name, description, or fields in theapplication's assessment (e.g., all applications that run on Android OSand send location to the internet). Furthermore, publicly displayingassessments may assist in the transparency of applications.

An embodiment is directed toward server 3551 making assessments for dataobjects available via a web interface. For example, users may wish to beable to learn more about the characteristics and capabilities ofapplications they have on their mobile devices. Server 3551 may expose,as a web interface, an index of applications for which assessments areavailable and an assessment for each of these applications. In order tofacilitate easy location of applications, server 3551 may organizeapplications in a variety of ways, such as alphabetically, by theircharacteristics, by their categorization, and by platform. In addition,server 3551 may allow a user to search for applications using terms thatmatch the application's name, description, or fields in theapplication's assessment (e.g., all applications that run on Android OSand send location to the internet). Furthermore, publicly displayingassessments may assist in the transparency of applications.

For example, application vendors may direct users to the assessment pagegenerated by server 3551 as an independent third-party assessment of thecapabilities of an application so that users can verify what theapplication is doing. In an embodiment, server 3551 generates a webinterface that allows a user to view an application's conditionalassessment based on device data (e.g., how much battery does thisapplication use on a Motorola Droid, how much network data does thisapplication use on AT&T Wireless) and compare different conditionalassessments (e.g., this application's battery usage on a Motorola Droidvs. a HTC Hero, how much network data does this application use on AT&TWireless vs. Verizon Wireless). Such conditional assessments may behelpful to identify anomalous behavior in particular circumstances—forexample, the assessment page may indicate that a certain set ofhandsets, operating system versions, or other applications installed ona device cause a higher error rate or anomalous change in certainassessment characteristics for this application. In an embodiment,server 3551 identifies data objects having extreme values for particularassessment values. For example, server 3551 may generate a web pageidentifying which applications use more than 1 gigabyte of network dataper month or which applications use more than 10% of a device's battery.

For example, application vendors may direct users to the assessment pagegenerated by server 3551 as an independent third-party assessment of thecapabilities of an application so that users can verify what theapplication is doing. In an embodiment, server generates a web interfacethat allows a user to view an application's conditional assessment basedon device data (e.g., how much battery does this application use on aMotorola Droid, how much network data does this application use on AT&TWireless) and compare different conditional assessments (e.g., thisapplication's battery usage on a Motorola Droid vs. a HTC Hero, how muchnetwork data does this application use on AT&T Wireless vs. VerizonWireless). Such conditional assessments may be helpful to identifyanomalous behavior in particular circumstances—for example, theassessment page may indicate that a certain set of handsets, operatingsystem versions, or other applications installed on a device cause ahigher error rate or anomalous change in certain assessmentcharacteristics for this application. In an embodiment, server 3551identifies data objects having extreme values for particular assessmentvalues. For example, server 3551 may generate a web page identifyingwhich applications use more than 1 gigabyte of network data per month orwhich applications use more than 10% of a device's battery.

Because assessment data generated by server 3551 may be utilized toprovide a variety of other products and services, an embodiment isdirected toward server 3551 exposing assessment data via an API. Allfunctionality exposed by a web interface, as described above, may alsobe exposed as an API so that a variety of products and services may bebuilt. For example, server 3551 may provide an HTTP API by whichsupplying a data object's package name or content hash in the requestURL will result in the server returning an assessment for the dataobject identified by the package name or content hash. In anotherexample, server 3551 may generate a JavaScript file that can be includedby a remote web page and displays an interactive assessment view for aparticular data object.

In an embodiment, server 3551 can cause assessment data, such as arating or disposition as to whether an application is desirable or not,to appear in an application marketplace. One will appreciate thatapplication marketplaces may be implemented in a variety of ways, suchas using a web site, using a mobile client application, using a PC-basedclient application, and using a messaging service such as SMS. As such,rather than subjective user-provided review information, an embodimentwill provide objective assessment information for an application orother data object.

For example, server 3551 may provide an API by which it may be queriedfor assessment data, or server 3551 may proactively analyze all of theapplications available in an application marketplace, transmittingassessment data to the marketplace provider. In an embodiment, a usercan search the application marketplace for only those applications thatmeet certain desirable criteria, such as security, privacy, deviceefficiency, trustworthiness, and the like. In an embodiment, applicationproviders can use the aggregated information in order to provide qualitycontrol measures. The application provider may only feature applicationsthat meet certain battery efficiency criteria, a standard for anacceptable number of crashes or errors, certain network trafficlimitations, privacy protections, and the like. In this fashion, anembodiment can improve the offerings on an application marketplace,thereby encouraging developers to create better applications. In anembodiment, the assessment information may be used as a certificationsystem, wherein an application meeting certain criteria may be markedwith a symbol, badge or other icon denoting the positive assessment forthe application. For example, applications that have a high trust ratingor applications that only access a minimal set of private informationmay be considered certified. In order to verify an application'scertification, the certification marker may have a link or other way fora user to retrieve a full assessment from server 3551.

In an embodiment, server 3551 transmits assessment information to mobilecommunications device 3501 for display. For example, a mobile device mayhave an interface by which a user can explore assessments for allapplications installed on the device. The interface may allow a user toview assessment information for a particular application as well asallow a user to view which applications match a set of assessmentcriteria (e.g., all applications that send the device's location to theinternet, the top 10 battery users, all applications that use more than50 megabytes of network traffic per month). In an embodiment, mobilecommunications device 3501 displays an interface as a part of anapplication marketplace, an application download process, or anapplication installation process on a mobile communications device sothat a user browsing an application available for download ordownloading/installing an application sees assessment information forthe application. When browsing, downloading, or installing anapplication, the device transmits identification information to server3551 and receives an assessment for the application, displaying some orall of the assessment on a user interface. For example, the interfacemay display the capabilities of the application or characteristics ofthe application. The interface may also be interactive, allowing theuser to explore aspects of the assessment, requesting additionalassessment information from server 3551 if necessary. In anotherexample, the device may display an indicator of trust for anapplication, as determined by server 3551 and transmitted to device 3501as part of an assessment. The indicator of trust may be displayed in avariety of ways, including as a certification seal (e.g., “Lookout™certified”) or a rating (e.g., “A+”, “B−”, “C+”).

In an embodiment, server 3551 transmits assessment information to mobilecommunications device 3501 for display. For example, a mobile device mayhave an interface by which a user can explore assessments for allapplications installed on the device. The interface may allow a user toview assessment information for a particular application as well asallow a user to view which applications match a set of assessmentcriteria (e.g., all applications that send the device's location to theinternet, the top 10 battery users, all applications that use more than50 megabytes of network traffic per month). In an embodiment, mobilecommunications device 3501 displays an interface as a part of anapplication marketplace, an application download process, or anapplication installation process on a mobile communications device sothat a user browsing an application available for download ordownloading/installing an application sees assessment information forthe application. When browsing, downloading, or installing anapplication, the device transmits identification information to server3551 and receives an assessment for the application, displaying some orall of the assessment on a user interface. For example, the interfacemay display the capabilities of the application or characteristics ofthe application. The interface may also be interactive, allowing theuser to explore aspects of the assessment, requesting additionalassessment information from server 3551 if necessary. In anotherexample, the device may display an indicator of trust for anapplication, as determined by server 3551 and transmitted to device 3501as part of an assessment. The indicator of trust may be displayed in avariety of ways, including as a certification seal (e.g., “Lookout™certified”) or a rating (e.g., “A+”, “B−”, “C+”).

In an embodiment, server 3551 transmits assessment information to mobilecommunications device 3501 for display. For example, a mobile device mayhave an interface by which a user can explore assessments for allapplications installed on the device. The interface may allow a user toview assessment information for a particular application as well asallow a user to view which applications match a set of assessmentcriteria (e.g., all applications that send the device's location to theinternet, the top 10 battery users, all applications that use more than50 megabytes of network traffic per month). In an embodiment, mobilecommunications device 3501 displays an interface as a part of anapplication marketplace, an application download process, or anapplication installation process on a mobile communications device sothat a user browsing an application available for download ordownloading/installing an application sees assessment information forthe application. When browsing, downloading, or installing anapplication, the device transmits identification information to server3551 and receives an assessment for the application, displaying some orall of the assessment on a user interface. For example, the interfacemay display the capabilities of the application or characteristics ofthe application. The interface may also be interactive, allowing theuser to explore aspects of the assessment, requesting additionalassessment information from server 3551 if necessary. In anotherexample, the device may display an indicator of trust for anapplication, as determined by server 3551 and transmitted to device 3501as part of an assessment. The indicator of trust may be displayed in avariety of ways, including as a certification seal (e.g., “Lookout™certified”) or a rating (e.g., “A+”, “B−”, “C+”).

In some cases, users will not read lengthy security explanations, so itis important to display security information about applications in sucha way that is easily understandable. In an embodiment, a mobilecommunications device 3501 displays a graphical assessment indicationfor an application. For example, notable aspects of assessments may bedisplayed as icons or badges for the application. Some examples includebadges for being “battery efficient”, being a “battery hog”, “accessinglocation”, having “spy capabilities”, being a “social network”, andbeing a “file sharing app”. The badge for each notable assessment mayinclude an illustration making the badge easy to understand andcoloration indicating whether the assessment is merely informational orsomething potentially critical. For example an application beingefficient with battery use may have a green icon showing a full batterywhile an application that typically uses a lot of battery may have a redicon showing an empty battery.

Because server 3551 continually gathers information and improvesassessments, assessment information can be updated on applicationmarketplaces and/or mobile communications devices that have cached theassessment information. For example, server 3551 may send a notificationto the application marketplace or mobile communications deviceindicating that new assessment information is available. In anotherexample, server 3551 may simply transmit the updated assessmentinformation so that old information is overwritten.

In addition to viewing assessments on a device for data objects that areinstalled on that device, it may also be desirable to view assessmentsfor data objects installed on a device from a web interface. Forexample, a user may wish to use his or her PC to explore assessments forapplications installed on his or her device. As discussed, in anembodiment, mobile communications device 3501 transmits application datafor data objects it has installed to server 3551. Because server 3551may store which applications are currently installed on device 3501, theserver can generate a user interface displaying assessments for thoseapplications. For example, server 3551 may generate and transmit a webinterface allowing a user to view a list of all applications installedon a device, view an assessment for each installed application, andexplore which installed applications match particular assessment values(e.g., all applications that can access my location). To preventdisclosure of private information, server 3551 may require that a userlog in using authentication credentials in order to view assessments forthe applications on his or her device. Furthermore, an enterpriseadministrator may wish to view assessments for a group of devices from acentral management console.

In an embodiment, server 3551 generates a web interface that allows auser to view assessments for applications installed on multiple devices.For example, the web interface may allow a user to explore all apps thatare installed on a group of devices that match a certain assessmentfield (e.g., file-sharing applications), view risk rating assessmentsfor the group of devices, view all of the capabilities for applicationsinstalled on the deployment, and determine which devices and which appsare causing certain capabilities and risk exposures. A user may start byusing server 3551 to generate an overall set of security, privacy, andbattery risk ratings for the group of devices then click on a rating toview the list of applications most contributing to that risk rating. Auser can then view which devices have a given application. In anotherexample, a user may start by using server 3551 to generate a list of allcapabilities for applications installed on the group and then click agiven capability to view all of the applications installed on the groupthat have that capability. From there, the user may further explorewhich devices in the group have a given application installed. In anembodiment, assessments for a group of devices are exposed by server3551 in the form of an API for use by external services such asmanagement consoles. For example, server 3551 may expose risk ratingsfor the group of devices to a centralized security reporting system viaan HTTP API.

On mobile communications devices, battery and network data are oftenlimited in such a way that applications can adversely affect thedevice's battery life and can cause network use overage charges. Anembodiment is directed to using assessments to make users aware ofapplications' network or battery usage and alert users in the case of anabusive application. Software on the device retrieves an assessmentcontaining battery and network usage characteristics for an applicationfrom server 3551 and displays the assessment to the user. As describedabove, a device requesting assessment information from server 3551 mayinclude application data for the application. The assessment may becustomized for the particular device the user is using by the devicesending device data when retrieving the assessment or by sendingauthentication data that associates the assessment request withpreviously transmitted device data. For example, the assessment mayindicate that an application will likely reduce a user's model ofphone's battery life by 5% or 1 hour; whereas a different model phonethat has different battery life characteristics may receive anassessment that the same application reduces the phone's battery life by10% or 3 hours. The assessment display may occur as part of an on-deviceapplication marketplace or as a user interface dialog before, during, orafter installation of an application.

Furthermore, after the user installs multiple applications, it may bedesirable for that user to understand which applications are mostcontributing to network usage or battery life based on the applications'actual behavior on the device. In an embodiment, the device collectsbehavioral data for the battery and network usage of an application andallows a user to view the actual behavioral data from an interface onthe device. For example, the interface may allow a user to view aparticular application's battery and network usage as well as view thetop network and battery using applications in order to identify whichapplications are contributing to network overage or short battery life.In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 reports behavioraldata for applications installed on the device to server 3551 and allowthe user to view the actual behavioral data via a web interfacegenerated by the server. One having ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that other characteristics of mobile applications can bemonitored and shown to users as well.

Because a single application can cause significant problems with respectto battery life, network usage, or other limited resources, it may bedesirable to notify a user when an application is behaving undesirably.In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 monitors the networkand battery usage of applications installed on the device and notifiesthe device's user when an application exceeds desirable limits. Forexample, the user may set thresholds for how much data applications maytransmit and receive before he or she is notified. In another example, auser is notified when the device determines that an application willadversely affect the user's battery life or phone bill. If a usertypically uses a phone for 20 hours before plugging it in and anapplication on the device reduces the estimated battery life to lessthan 20 hours, it's likely that the user will run out of battery. It maythen be important to alert the user that there is an action he or shecan take to avoid running out of battery, namely uninstalling orotherwise disabling high battery using applications.

Because a single application can cause significant problems with respectto battery life, network usage, or other limited resources, it may bedesirable to notify a user when an application is behaving undesirably.In an embodiment, mobile communications device 3501 monitors the networkand battery usage of applications installed on the device and notifiesthe device's user when an application exceeds desirable limits. Forexample, the user may set thresholds for how much data applications maytransmit and receive before he or she is notified.

In another example, a user is notified when the device determines thatan application will adversely affect the user's battery life or phonebill. If a user typically uses a phone for 20 hours before plugging itin and an application on the device reduces the estimated battery lifeto less than 20 hours, it's likely that the user will run out ofbattery. It may then be important to alert the user that there is anaction he or she can take to avoid running out of battery, namelyuninstalling or otherwise disabling high battery using applications.

In an embodiment, in order to prevent applications on a user's devicefrom exceeding the user's data plan, device 3501 or server 3551 predictsthe future data usage of a device and gathers information about thedevice's data plan. In order to gather information about a device's dataplan, device 3501 or server 3551 connects to a network operator'sservers to determine data plan information such as the data allocationper billing cycle, what their billing cycle is, and how much data hasbeen used during the current billing cycle. Communications to thenetwork operator's servers may occur in a variety of ways, such as viaan HTTP API or SMS messaging. If software on a device uses SMS messagingto retrieve a user's data plan information, the software mayautomatically consume the response message sent by the networkoperator's servers in order to prevent the communication from showing upin the user's inbox. In order to predict future data usage, server 3551may analyze typical data usage for applications installed on a deviceand actual data usage on that device. If an application is newlyinstalled, typical data usage may be used while for an application thathas been on the device for months, actual data usage may be used. Ifapplications on device 3501 use network data at a rate that would exceedthe device's data plan allocation by the end of the billing cycle,software on the device displays an alert indicating the likely overagecharges. The alert may also display the applications most contributingto the data usage and give the user to uninstall or reconfigure theapplications. Device 3501 may report the alert to server 3551 which mayalso send a notification (e.g., via email) indicating the potential fordata overage. Software on device 3501 or server 3551 may display anindication of the current predicted data usage relative to the device'sdata allocation so that a user may adjust his or her application usagepatterns accordingly. For example, if a user is worried about exceedinghis or her data plan, he or she may check what the current predicteddata usage is before engaging in a video chat.

Because the applications installed on a device may have a significantimpact on the risk exposure of the device, it may be desirable for auser or administrator to set policy for what applications are desirableto install on a device or group of devices. The following is adiscussion of how protection policy can be implemented on one or moremobile communications devices. In an embodiment, policy includesblacklists and whitelists. A blacklist is a set of applications orassessment criteria that are explicitly denied from running on a mobilecommunications device while a whitelist is a set of applications orassessment criteria that are explicitly allowed to run on a mobilecommunications device. For example, a policy may allow only applicationson a whitelist or only applications not on the blacklist. In anembodiment, explicit application entries have higher priority thanassessment criteria entries. For example, a policy may specify certaincapabilities (e.g., sending a device's location to the internet) thatare blacklisted but specify certain applications that are whitelisted.In this case, all applications that send location to the internet may beblocked unless they are explicitly on the whitelist because the explicitapplications on the whitelist are of higher priority than the assessmentcriteria on the blacklist. One skilled in the art will appreciate that avariety of policy schemes can be implemented without departing from thescope of this disclosure.

Users may have individual preferences for the type of applications theywant on their mobile devices. Some users, for example, may be sensitiveto privacy issues, while other issues may want to optimize their batterylife. In order to allow users to utilize application assessments to gaingreater insight into the applications they use or are considering touse, an embodiment is directed to software on a mobile communicationsdevice allowing a user to set policies based on assessment criteria forapplications, the software blocking applications that exceed anundesirability threshold. When a user attempts to install anapplication, the software requests an assessment for the applicationfrom server 3551 and receives the assessment from the server.

For example, if the user attempts to install an application that has thecapability of sending location information to the internet but has apolicy to disallow any applications that can send his or her location tothe internet, then software on the mobile communications device willblock the installation. In another example, a user may set privacy,security, and battery life policy thresholds individually on a relativescale (e.g., 0 to 10). When the user installs an application, softwareon the device retrieves an assessment for the application and comparesthe application's privacy, security, and battery ratings with the policythresholds and alerts the user if the application exceeds the configuredpolicy. Instead of blocking installation of an application that isundesirable, a user may want to simply be warned of the undesirability.

In an embodiment, the user can ignore the alert and choose to accept theapplication anyway. In an embodiment, the device displays a userinterface indicating that an application is undesirable for the user.For example, a mobile device may display an indication of whether anapplication being viewed for possible download in an applicationmarketplace meets the user's desirability criteria. In another example,software on a device may allow a user to view all applications that donot meet desirability criteria. Such an interface may be useful if auser changes his or her criteria and wants to view applications that arenow undesirable given the new criteria.

IT administrators, parents, network operators or other peopleresponsible for multiple mobile communications devices may wish to setpolicy on multiple mobile communications devices without physical accessto all of the devices. In an embodiment, server 3551 allows a user oradministrator to set policy for a device or group of devices. When adevice 3501 attempts to install an application, the device sends arequest to server 3551 for an assessment of the application. Based onpolicy configured on server 3551, the assessment contains an indicationof whether the application is allowed or disallowed and may also containthe policy criteria for why a disallowed application was assessed to bedisallowed. In an example, policy on server 3551 is configurable via aweb interface.

In an embodiment, server 3551 allows policy to be configured byassessment criteria as well as on a per application basis. For example,an administrator may use server 3551 to block all applications that arein a certain category such as social networking applications or allapplications that access certain capabilities such as the ability totransmit files or other sensitive data from a device. In an example, anadministrator may wish to only allow particular applications by creatinga whitelist, blocking all applications not on the whitelist. In afurther example, an administrator may permit all applications other thanparticular applications that are on a blacklist because they are knownto be undesirable. Because the set of applications allowed or deniedunder a policy may be pre-computed, an embodiment is directed to server3551 generating a set of policy definitions and transmitting the policydefinitions to one or more mobile communications devices 3501. Forexample, if a group of devices has a policy to only allow applicationsthat are on a whitelist, server 3551 may transmit a list of identifyinginformation for the whitelisted applications to a mobile device so thatthe device does not need to contact the server for assessments everytime it encounters an application.

When configuring policy using abstract concepts such as applicationcategorization and capabilities, it may be desirable for a user oradministrator to see what applications would be allowed/denied orwhether a particular application would be allowed/denied ifconfiguration changes were to be made. In an embodiment, the policyconfiguration user interface on mobile communications device 3501 orserver 3551 includes an interface for viewing applications that would beblocked or allowed as part of a configuration change. If theconfiguration change interface is displayed on mobile communicationsdevice 3501, the device may send requests for data to server 3551 topopulate the interface. It may be desirable to show all of theapplications allowed or blocked after the configuration change goes intoeffect or only the difference in applications allowed or blocked betweenthe current configuration and the new configuration. Because the numberof applications affected by a configuration change may be very large,the interface may display summary information and allow a user to searchfor a particular application to determine whether the configurationchange affects that application and whether the configuration changewould result in that application being allowed or blocked. In anembodiment, the interface displaying the effect of a configurationchange indicates whether any popular applications would be blocked. Forexample, application popularity may be determined based on overalldistribution data determined by server 3551 or by the prevalence of theapplication in the group of devices being managed. In an embodiment, thechange result interface only displays changes that affect applicationsthat are currently installed on at least one device in the group beingmanaged.

In order to prevent a policy system from interfering with acceptableusage of mobile communications devices, an embodiment is directed toserver 3551 maintaining sets of acceptable apps and allowing a user orIT administrator to easily add those sets to a whitelist, the whitelistautomatically including changes to the sets of acceptable apps. Forexample, server 3551 may maintain a list of applications that arepopular overall or a list of popular applications by applicationcategory. In a policy configuration interface, the server may present away to include all popular applications or only popular applications inparticular categories (e.g., games, social networks) in the policy'swhitelist. In an embodiment, such dynamic list policies are of higherpriority than assessment criteria entries on blacklists and whitelistsbut of lower priority than explicit application entries. In anotherexample, server 3551 may maintain a list of applications with hightrust. In a policy configuration interface, the server may present a wayto include all high-trust applications in the policy's whitelist.Whenever the high-trust list is updated, applications with high trustare effectively considered whitelisted when making policy assessments.

Because a mobile device deployment may already have a device managementserver or service in place, it may be desirable for server 3551 tosupply data to a device management server that actually performs thepolicy enforcement. In an embodiment, server 3551 interfaces with adevice management server to configure application policy on the devicemanagement server. For example, the device management server may supportconfigurable application blacklists and whitelists. If a user setsconfiguration on server 3551 to only allow applications that are on awhitelist or that match certain assessment criteria, server 3551generates the list of applications to be whitelisted and transmits thelist of applications to the device management server in a format andover a protocol that the device management server supports. Similarly,if a user configures a blacklist on server 3551, the server generatesthe list of applications that are on the blacklist and configures thedevice management server to enforce the blacklist. In an embodiment,server is capable of configuring multiple device management servers. Forexample, if an organization supports multiple mobile device operatingsystems and uses different mobile device management servers, anadministrator can configure a cross-platform policy on server 3551(e.g., blocking all file sharing applications). Server 3551 may thenidentify all of the applications across multiple platforms whoseassessments match the policy and configure the appropriate applicationpolicies on device management servers. Because each device managementserver may only support a subset of mobile device platforms that server3551 supports, server 3551 only transmits policy information to a devicemanagement server that corresponds to data objects that run on operatingsystems that are supported by the device management server. For example,if a device management server only supports Blackberry devices, server3551 may only configure the device management server's blacklist and/orwhitelist with information about Blackberry applications.

In an embodiment, policy compliance checking can be performed by eitherserver 3551 or mobile communications device 3501. For example, if serverperforms compliance checking, any compliance settings are stored onserver 3551 so that any configuration performed on mobile communicationsdevice 3501 results in that configuration being transmitted to theserver. When the device requests an assessment for an application fromserver 3551, the server includes in the assessment an indication ofwhether the application is allowed or disallowed by policy. In anotherexample, if mobile communications device 3501 performs compliancechecking, any compliance settings are stored on mobile communicationsdevice 3501 so that any configuration performed on server 3551 resultsin that configuration being transmitted to the device. When the devicereceives an assessment for an application, it compares the assessment tothe policy configuration to determine if the application is allowed.

In an embodiment, policy management is integrated with a server-coupledanti-malware system so that signatures and assessments for applicationsprovided by server 3551 enable device 3501 to block data objects thatviolate policy. For example, when a device 3501 requests for anassessment from server 3551, the server's assessment indicates that anapplication is undesirable if the application is considered malicious orif it violates policy. In either case, the assessment produced mayindicate further information about why the application was found to bemalicious or policy-violating. In another example, server 3551 maypre-emptively transmit signatures for malicious or policy-violatingapplications to mobile communications device 3501 so that the device canrecognize whether a data object is desirable or undesirable withouthaving to contact server 3551.

If a device 3501 has installed an application that violates a protectionpolicy in place on either the device or server 3551 or the assessmentfor an application has been updated to make it violate the protectionpolicy, it may be desirable for remediation actions to be taken by thedevice or other systems. In an embodiment, if a device has anapplication installed that violates the protection policy for thatdevice, the server or software on the device can enact remediationactions to occur. Depending on whether policy compliance is determinedat the device 3551 or server 3501, either the device or server maydetermine what remediation actions to take.

For example, if a user installs an application and the assessmentreceived from server 3551 indicates that the application is acceptablebut at some point in the future server 3551 determines that theapplication is unacceptable, server 3551 transmits an updated assessmentto the device including remediation actions for the device to take. Inanother example, if a user installs an application on a device and thedevice receives an assessment from server 3551 indicating that theapplication is acceptable but software on the device gathers behavioraldata that shows that the application violates policy (e.g., theapplication attempts to acquire the user's location), the device mayundertake pre-configured remediation actions such as removing theapplication. The device may also transmit this behavioral data to server3551 and indicate the policy violation. One skilled in the art willappreciate that using behavioral data to enforce policy can protectmobile communications devices in a variety of situations such as when avulnerability in an application is exploited, when an application onlybehaves undesirably on a subset of devices (e.g., a targeted attackagainst employees of a particular company), or when an application onlybehaves undesirably after a period of time (i.e., a time bomb).

For example, if a user installs an application and the assessmentreceived from server 3551 indicates that the application is acceptable,but at some point in the future, the server determines that theapplication is unacceptable, server 3551 transmits an updated assessmentto the device including remediation actions for the device to take. Inanother example, if a user installs an application on a device and thedevice receives an assessment from server 3551 indicating that theapplication is acceptable but software on the device gathers behavioraldata that shows that the application violates policy (e.g., theapplication attempts to acquire the user's location), the device mayundertake pre-configured remediation actions such as removing theapplication. The device may also transmit this behavioral data to server3551 and indicate the policy violation. One skilled in the art willappreciate that using behavioral data to enforce policy can protectmobile communications device in a variety of situations such as when avulnerability in an application is exploited, when an application onlybehaves undesirably on a subset of devices (e.g., a targeted attackagainst employees of a particular company), or when an application onlybehaves undesirably after a period of time (i.e., a time bomb).

When a device is detected to be violating policy, a variety ofremediation actions are possible, for example, any violatingapplications may have their processes ended, may be uninstalled orisolated from accessing certain system functionality (e.g., internet,private data), or may be restricted from accessing certain networks(e.g., only allowed to access Wi-Fi, not the cellular network). It mayalso be desirable to isolate the whole device from accessing sensitiveresources such as a corporate email or VPN server while it is out ofcompliance to prevent information leakage. Other remediation actions mayinclude those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614,filed on Oct. 21, 2008 and incorporated in full herein.

When a device is detected to be violating policy, a variety ofremediation actions are possible, for example, any violatingapplications may have their processes ended, may be uninstalled orisolated from accessing certain system functionality (e.g., internet,private data), or may be restricted from accessing certain networks(e.g., only allowed to access Wi-Fi, not the cellular network). It mayalso be desirable to isolate the whole device from accessing sensitiveresources such as a corporate email or VPN server while it is out ofcompliance to prevent information leakage. Other remediation actions mayinclude those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/255,614,filed on Oct. 21, 2008 and incorporated in full herein.

If an administrator is able to set policy using server 3551, it may alsobe desirable for a user to use server 3551 to view the compliance statusof devices that the policy applies to. In an embodiment, server 3551determines whether a group of mobile communications devices is incompliance with application policy and which applications are installedon devices in the group. For example, if mobile communications devicesreport the applications they have installed and server 3551 containspolicy configuration, the server can determine which devices currentlyviolate the policy set by an administrator. To allow an administrator toview the compliance status, server 3551 may generate a web interfacelisting whether or not all devices are in compliance and if any devicesare out of compliance, how many there are. The interface may also allowthe administrator to view specific devices that are out of compliance,view which applications make the devices out of compliance, and initiateremediation actions (e.g., removing an application) remotely.

In an embodiment, server 3551 presents a one-click remediation actionwhereby an administrator can click a single button to remotely initiateremediation actions on all devices in the group the administrator ismanaging. For example, if an administrator managed 100 devices and 10 ofthe devices had applications that violated policy, the administratorcould click the one-click remediation button on the web interface tocause the server to send indications to each of the 10 out-of-compliancedevices to remove the undesirable applications without any userintervention required. Once the remediation actions completed, eachdevice 3501 may send an indication to server 3551 indicating whether itwas successful or not. During the remediation process, server 3551 maygenerate an interface by which the administrator can view the status ofthe remediation. Other methods of server exposing compliance statusinclude server 3551 exposing an API (e.g., for use by a securitymanagement console) and server 3551 generating reports that can bedownloaded.

In some cases, it may be desirable for a user or administrator toreceive a notification if he or she installs an application that isconsidered undesirable or if a previously installed application is newlyconsidered to be undesirable based on an updated assessment. In anembodiment, mobile communications device 3501 transmits informationabout the installation of a data object to server 3551. If server 3551determines the data object to be undesirable based on universalundesirability characteristics or characteristics for the user, theserver transmits a notification. For example, if a user installs anapplication that is assessed as desirable, but at some point in thefuture, the application begins to exhibit malicious or other undesirablebehavior such as wasting battery, the server may change its assessmentto indicate that the application is undesirable. The notification maytake a variety of forms, such as an email, SMS message, or userinterface dialog displayed on a web page, on a PC, or on a mobilecommunications device.

For an IT administrator managing a plurality of mobile communicationsdevices, policies can be set for a specific application, even if theapplication is available on multiple platforms and has multipleversions. For example, it is not uncommon for an IT administrator tomanage a fleet of mobile communications devices running differentoperating systems. The fleet of mobile communications devices caninclude iPhones, BlackBerry devices and Android devices. However, if acertain application is known to be undesirable on all three deviceoperating systems, such as a social networking application that candisclose private information, then the IT administrator can block allversions of the application from installation, regardless of platform.However, if an application can share sensitive information on oneplatform but not others, then the IT administrator can allowinstallation of the application on only the platforms that don't sharesensitive information. As discussed above, it may also be desirable foran IT administrator to make policy decisions about all versions of anapplication at once instead of having to maintain a policy that treatsmultiple versions of an application as separate decisions. Because thereare some applications that are updated very frequently, it would quicklybecome a very difficult task to manage application policy if anadministrator could not treat all versions of a particular applicationas one policy decision.

For an IT administrator managing a plurality of mobile communicationsdevices, policies can be set for a specific application, even if theapplication is available on multiple platforms and has multipleversions. For example, it is not uncommon for an IT administrator tomanage a fleet of mobile communications devices running differentoperating systems. The fleet of mobile communications devices caninclude iPhones, BlackBerry devices, and Android devices. However, if acertain application is known to be undesirable on all three deviceoperating systems, such as a social networking application that candisclose private information, then the IT administrator can block allversions of the application from installation, regardless of platform.However, if an application can share sensitive information on oneplatform but not others, then the IT administrator can allowinstallation of the application on only the platforms that don't sharesensitive information. As discussed above, it may also be desirable foran IT administrator to make policy decisions about all versions of anapplication at once instead of having to maintain a policy that treatsmultiple versions of an application as separate decisions. Because thereare some applications that are updated very frequently, it would quicklybecome a very difficult task to manage application policy if anadministrator could not treat all versions of a particular applicationas one policy decision.

Because an application may drastically change between updates, it'sdesirable for an administrator to be aware of any changes that couldaffect the administrator's decision of whether or not to allow theapplication. An embodiment is directed to server 3551 sending anotification in the case of an application that is present on ablacklist or whitelist changing its capabilities or characteristicssignificantly. For example, if a new version of an application that ison an administrator's whitelist has the capability to transmit filesfrom a user's device while previous versions did not, then server 3551may send an email or text message to the administrator indicating thechange. The policy management interface on server 3551 may also displaya list of applications that may need attention based on changedcharacteristics.

In order to simplify configuration, an embodiment is directed tosoftware on mobile communications device 3501 or server 3551 may providedefault policies that account for common use cases. For example, a usermay be able to select that they are concerned with battery life andlocation privacy but they are not concerned with network usage and phonenumber privacy. By selecting such concerns, the device or serverautomatically configures policies and thresholds for undesirableapplications. In an embodiment, server 3551 or device 3501 containspre-set policies for compliance with regulations. For example, financialindustry or healthcare industry workers may be required to have aparticular set of application policies in place to prevent thedisclosure of sensitive information. Because the set of applicationsallowed or denied under these regulations may change over time, server3551 may automatically update the specific policy decisions that enforcethe regulation without an administrator needing to specificallyconfigure them. In order to allow for inspection and auditing, server3551 may generate a list of policy decisions it is employing to complywith regulation and may notify an administrator when policy decisionswill change. If an administrator rejects certain policy decisions, he orshe may override the default policy set by server 3551.

As it may be desirable to simplify the policy configuration process, anembodiment is directed to server 3551 or mobile communications device3501 presenting a series of questions to a user or administrator, theanswers to the questions being used to automatically set policy. Forexample, when a user is first setting up application policy software onhis or her device, the software may ask whether the user has anunlimited data plan, whether the user wants to allow services to accessthe device's location, and whether the user wants to block all toolsthat can be used to spy on the device. Based on the answers to thequestions the device may set policy of whether to block high data usageapplications, whether to alert the user in the case of a high data usageapplication, whether to block applications that send a user's locationto the internet, and whether to block espionage applications. After thisinitial setup, a user may desire to tweak policy decisions, while otherusers may accept the automatically configured policy.

As it may be desirable to simplify the policy configuration process, anembodiment is directed to server 3551 or mobile communications device3501 presenting a series of questions to a user or administrator, theanswers to the questions being used to automatically set policy. Forexample, when a user is first setting up application policy software onhis or her device, the software may ask whether the user has anunlimited data plan, whether the user wants to allow services to accessthe device's location, and whether the user wants to block all toolsthat can be used to spy on the device. Based on the answers to thequestions the device may set policy of whether to block high data usageapplications, whether to alert the user in the case of a high data usageapplication, whether to block applications that send a user's locationto the internet, and whether to block espionage applications. After thisinitial setup, a user may desire to tweak policy decisions, while otherusers may accept the automatically configured policy.

Because abusive applications may have a substantially negative impact onwireless networks, an embodiment is directed to providing“early-warning” information about potentially abusive applications. Inan embodiment, server 3551 may use information such as behavioral dataand other data available to it in order to produce an assessment ofwhether an application has network access characteristics that may beharmful for mobile networks. For example, an application that receivesor transmits a large amount of data, sends a large number of SMSmessages, or opens a large number of persistent connections mayadversely affect a mobile network's performance. After assessing anapplication to determine if it is potentially harmful to a mobilenetwork, server 3551 stores the assessment. In an embodiment, server3551 notifies an administrator when a potentially harmful application isidentified. For example, the notification may be in the form of an emailor text message that contains information about the potentially harmfuldata object.

In an embodiment, server 3551 generates a web interface that displaysapplications that have been assessed as potentially harmful to a mobilenetwork. The web interface may be designed to support a review workflowso that potentially harmful applications can be further analyzed by anadministrator. After examining an application, the administrator maywant to take remediation action in some cases while, in other cases, theadministrator may want to take no action. If an administrator chooses totake no action, the application will not be considered potentiallyharmful unless its behavior significantly changes, triggering server3551 to identify the application for re-review. In order to preventmultiple data objects for a given application being repeatedlyidentified as potentially harmful, if an administrator chooses to ignorean application, all versions of that application will also be ignored,as server 3551 can determine whether multiple data objects belong to thesame application or other grouping.

If an administrator is aware of a potentially harmful application, he orshe can take preemptive measures to avoid serious problems if theapplication is installed on more devices. In an embodiment, server 3551generates a web interface allowing an administrator to take remediationactions for an application that is considered harmful. A variety ofremediation actions are possible. For example, server 3551 may presentan interface allowing the network administrator to communicate with thepublisher of the application and work through a resolution for theharmful behavior. Server 3551 may extract the publisher's email addressfrom marketplace data and allow a network administrator to type in amessage via the server's web interface that server 3551 sends to thepublisher. When server 3551 sends the email, the reply-to address in theoutgoing email is specially set so that when the publisher responds,server associates the response with the initial message and publishesthe response in the web interface for administrator to view andpotentially continue the conversation. In an embodiment, server 3551generates a web interface allowing an administrator to configuresecurity software installed on a group of devices. For example, theadministrator may wish to configure the security software to block thepotentially harmful application or isolate the application so that itcannot communicate via a cellular network. If the administrator desiresto block the application, server 3551 may use a variety of mechanisms,such as those disclosed herein to block the application from beinginstalled on devices or to remove the application if it is alreadyinstalled on devices. Because server 3551 can identify multiple dataobjects that correspond to the same application, if an administratorblocks an application, all data objects for the application areconsidered to be blocked. If an application that was potentially harmfulis fixed in a subsequent version, server 3551 may allow theadministrator to specify a range of versions of the application toblock.

Because it may be desirable to prevent the download of undesirableapplications, an embodiment is directed to server 3551 generatingnetwork infrastructure configuration data. For example, server 3551 maystore a set of blacklisted data objects and be able to generate a set ofintrusion prevention system or HTTP proxy rules. The rules may attemptto match identifiers used by mobile devices to download data objectsfrom an application marketplace or to identify the content ofundesirable data objects as they are transmitted across a network.

In an embodiment, server 3551 generates network infrastructureconfiguration data to block network traffic associated with undesirableapplications. Server 3551 generates network infrastructure configurationrules that prevent network communication associated with undesirableapplications by server 3551 using behavioral data for an undesirableapplication to characterize the network communications associated withthe application and generating rules that block similar network traffic(e.g., traffic to the same IP address, subnet, or hostname). In order toprevent legitimate traffic from being blocked, server 3551 may analyzehow unique the undesirable application's network traffic is relative todesirable applications and only block network traffic that is particularto the undesirable application. For example, if an applicationcommunicates with two servers, one which is a well-known server used bya variety of legitimate applications and another which is an unknownserver only communicated with by this application, server 3551 wouldtreat the unknown server as particular to the undesirable application.

After determining the appropriate network traffic to block, server 3551generates firewall or other network configuration rules to blockundesirable applications' network traffic. For example, if a maliciousapplication is using a particular server to exfiltrate sensitive datafrom peoples' phones, behavioral data for the application may indicatethe IP address, port, and protocol used to transmit the sensitive data.When an administrator wishes to block the malicious application'scapability to steal data, he or she may see the list of servers theapplication communicates with and how many other applications known toserver 3551 typically communicate with that server. The administratorthen has the ability to choose which servers to block. After selectingthe servers to block, server 3551 generates rules that block the networktraffic. In an embodiment, server 3551 makes configuration data, such asSnort® intrusion detection and prevention system rules, available fordownload via a web interface. In an embodiment, server 3551 isconfigured to directly connect with a network infrastructure managementsystem to deploy configuration data.

Because an administrator may be primarily concerned with a particularnetwork, an embodiment is directed to server 3551 producing bothaggregate assessments and operator-specific assessments to identifypotentially harmful applications and generating a user interfacecontaining both. For example, if an application misbehaves only whenrunning on a device connected to a particular type of mobile network,the aggregate behavioral data may be within normal bounds; however, thebehavioral data for a particular network may be harmful. A networkadministrator may want to view the behavior of an application on thetype of network he or she is administrating. Because individual mobilenetworks may treat different behavior as abusive, a user on server 3551can configure the criteria for considering an application harmful to thenetwork.

FIG. 47 shows a block diagram of a specific implementation of theApplication Assessment and Advisement System. In this specificimplementation, a system 4705 includes a data store 4710 and a scanningapplication programming interface (API) service 4715. The data storestores a collection of application programs or apps 4720. The data storemay receive the apps through app marketplace crawlers 4725, APIsubmissions 4730, user submissions 4735, or combinations of these. Inother words, apps in the data store or corpus can come from multiplesources, including, for example, apps submitted via API, crawlingmarkets/web sites, submission from software on client devices, orcombinations of these.

The scanning API service analyzes the apps stored in the data store andcan report or otherwise make available the results of the analysis. Theresults may be returned programmatically or through an API interface,through a user interface, or both. Generally, having a data store orcorpus that gets data from multiple sources (e.g., not only through APIbut also through crawlers) makes the corpus much larger and thus thesystem is able to provide good or better profiling results. The systemis likely or more likely to have an app in the repository to avoidhaving to upload it when clients query the system. This can provide afaster response time and improved result data (e.g., correlations withother apps that may be similar or related, or changes in an app'scharacteristics over time that may tell a user whether or not toupgrade).

In various specific implementations, a submitter or requester can makean app scan request and receive result data for the app immediately inresponse or as a callback, or can request result data for an app. If anapp has already been scanned, the scanning API service can look up theapp by its identifier (e.g., hash of its contents) and provide theresults. As discussed above, some examples of types of scan results datathat may be provided include categorization (e.g., game, news, weather,social networking, pornographic, mapping, or file sharing),characterization (e.g., battery consumption, network consumption, etc.),metadata (e.g., where else has this app been seen, distribution datasuch as popularity and ratings, or authorship information), or securityissues (e.g., malware, spyware, adware, vulnerabilities) detected in theapp.

In a specific implementation, the scanning API service provides atechnique that may be referred to as “continuous scanning.” In thisspecific implementation, after an app is submitted, the service can“continuously” or “repeatedly” scan it (e.g., scan the app two or moretimes) and notify any registered callbacks if the scan result datachanges. For example, if an app is good today, but references a serverto control its functionality, and the app turns bad tomorrow as a resultof the server changing, then the service detects this change (e.g., byrunning the app under dynamic analysis, by manual characterization, orboth) and notifies the submitter's assessment update callbackinformation.

The callback notification may depend on the type of scan result datachange (e.g., minor change in battery use may result in no callback, newvulnerability found may trigger an email or URL callback, but an appbeing detected as malware may trigger a phone call, SMS message, email,and URL callback, and so forth). This helps to ensure that entities,such as app marketplace owners, do not unintentionally distributemalware. The system can provide information about an app before the appmarketplace owner begins distributing the app, and can also provide anotification to the app marketplace owner when something new about theapp is discovered during a scan.

FIG. 48A shows a more detailed block diagram of a system in which ascanning API service 4802 may be implemented. In a specificimplementation, the system includes API servers 4805, and web servers4807 coupled to application servers 4810 which host various componentsof the scanning API service. The service may include an analysis engine4813, a reanalysis manager 4816, an app tracker 4819, and a reportingand callback engine 4820. Application servers 4810 may be coupled todatabase servers (not shown) to provide access to databases 4825 of thesystem. It is noted that the blocks in FIG. 48A are functional ratherthan structural so that it is possible to have many different hardwareconfigurations that can perform the illustrated functions.

Analysis engine 4813 may include an app security analyzer 4828, an appcategorizer 4829, an app characterization system 4831, an emulator 4832,a comparison and correlation module 4834, and a recommendation module4837. Reanalysis manager 4816 may include a scheduler 4843, and a policyand pattern update detector 4846. Databases 4825 include one or moredatabases or repositories such as an apps corpus 4849, appcharacterization database 4852, app profiles database 4855, resultsreporting log 4858, policies database 4861, signature database 4864, andapp tracking database 4867. Again, the current description is focusedmore on function components rather than particular instantiations.

App security analyzer 4828 may include a malware scanner to search anapp in apps corpus 4849 for malware signatures. A malware signature isany matching criteria (such as a pattern of bytes present in theapplication, a hash or checksum of an application, an identifier for theapplication, identifying information for a cryptographic key used todigitally sign applications, etc.) that can determine whether an app isa certain type of malware or family of malware. These signatures may bestored in signature database 4864. If the scanner finds a match betweena signature and an application, the system may categorize or classifythe app as malware. If the scanner does not find such a pattern, thesystem may categorize the app as not malware or non-malware. Of course,the absence of these patterns is not necessarily, by itself, conclusiveof whether the app is or is not malware. Similarly, other types ofundesirable applications (e.g., adware, spyware) may be identified basedon signatures in the signature database 4864.

App categorizer 4828 is responsible for categorizing the apps in appscorpus 4849. The app categorizer can help determine the category orcategories that the app should be placed in. The app categorizer cansearch other data that may be associated with an app (e.g., metadata ormarketplace metadata) to help categorize the app. For example, thecategorizer may search a description associated with the app in order todetermine whether the app should be categorized as news, entertainment,finance, sports, and so forth. The categorizer may be configured tosearch for key words in the description that may be indicative of thecategory to which the app should belong.

For example, an app description that includes words such as “stock,” or“quote” may be mapped to the category “finance” and may indicate thatthe app should be in the finance category. The categorizer may searchuser behavior data associated with an app to determine what category theapp should be placed in. For example, an app that, through its users,accesses servers associated with news web sites (e.g., www.nytimes.com,www.wsj.com, or www.latimes.com) as determined by the app's DNS requestsor network connections may be categorized as “news.” The behavior datamay be determined via analysis on a server or may be gathered fromdevices, as described herein. Data gathered from devices may be storedanonymously to help protect and respect user privacy.

App characterization system 4831 analyzes behavioral data stored in appbehavior database 4852 so that the app can be characterized. Asdiscussed, behavioral data may include information about how anapplication interacts with or uses a mobile communications device'sresources, such as memory, battery, network, storage, central processingunit (CPU), and the like. Behavioral data may include operationsperformed by an app, the degree to which an app performs an operationsuch as a number of times an operation is performed, the frequency withwhich an operation is performed, or combinations of these.

Some examples of operations that an app may perform include accessing auser's contacts or telephone directory, accessing a user's files storedon the mobile device, accessing the mobile device's global positioningsystem (GPS) unit to determine a location of the device, sendingmessages such as text or SMS messages that may include information fromthe contacts directory, the user's files, or the device's location,sending messages to a particular recipient, receiving messages,receiving messages from a particular sender, processing receivedmessages, contacting internet servers or services, or accessing themobile device's antenna. The processing of this type of behavioral datacan be used to characterize particular apps.

In a specific implementation, the system gathers behavioral data bymonitoring the app over a period of time (e.g., several hours, days,weeks, or months). The behavioral data may be collected from actualusers of an app, from an emulator running the app, or both. Behavioraldata may be collected from many users of an app such as dozens,hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions of users.This allows a very accurate assessment of the behavior of an app becauseactual data from the field and from many different users is collected.The app characterization system can use the collected behavioral data toassess various attributes of an app such as an app's batteryrequirements. For example, an app's battery requirements may bedetermined by calculating an average battery usage across many users ofthe app.

Emulator 4832 represents a virtual mobile device, i.e., a softwareimplementation of a mobile device that runs on a computer. The emulatorallows an app to be analyzed in a simulated or virtual environment.Using the emulator to probe and test an app can be more cost-effectivethan purchasing the actual physical mobile device and installing the apponto the physical mobile device. The system can quickly provision avirtual mobile device with any desired configuration for running in theemulator. A configuration may be based a mobile device type or model(e.g., Android-based devices versus Apple iOS-based devices), operatingsystem version, other apps installed on the virtual mobile device, andso forth.

The emulator can output a list of actions or operations that the appperformed during emulation, the outcomes of the operations, events thatoccurred during emulation, or combinations of these. Some examples ofactions or operations that an app may perform during emulation includeinvoking other apps, accessing the network, playing audio, playingvideo, making a call, sending a message, storing data, deleting data,copying data, retrieving data, or modifying data. The output from theemulator may be provided to app characterization system 4831 forcharacterization.

Comparison and correlation module 4834 can compare two or more apps todetermine whether the apps are related, similar, or both. Apps may besimilar if, for example, the apps have the same signer or package name,even though each app may be a different version. A technique todetermine if two or more apps are similar include a content similarityanalysis (e.g., how similar are the contents of the two files?). Contentsimilarity can be based on static code analysis to determine programsimilarity. Based on the comparison and correlation module,recommendation module 4837 can provide recommendations of other appsthat may be more desirable than the app for which an analysis wasrequested.

More particularly, in a specific implementation, a request is receivedfor an analysis of a first app. A determination is made that the firstapp is similar to a second app. Based on a value of at least oneattribute of the second app being different from a value of acorresponding attribute of the first app, the recommendation modulerecommends the second app. That is, the recommendation module mayrecommend or suggest that a user download, install, or purchase thesecond app instead of the first app, that an apps marketplace owner hostthe second app instead of the first app, or both.

In some cases, the second app is recommended based on the value of theat least one attribute of the second app being less than the value ofthe corresponding attribute of the first app. For example, in variousspecific implementations, the at least one attribute may be price wherethe price of the second app is less than the price of the first app. Theat least one attribute may be app size or storage size (e.g., inmegabytes) where the size of the second app is less than the size of thefirst app. The at least one attribute may be battery usage where thebattery usage of the second app is less than the battery usage of thefirst app. The at least one attribute may be CPU load where the CPU loadof the second app is less than the CPU load of the first app. The atleast one attribute may be background CPU load where the background CPUload of the second app is less than the background CPU load of the firstapp. The at least one attribute may be vulnerabilities where a number ofvulnerabilities of the second app is less than a number ofvulnerabilities of the first app. The at least one attribute may bemobile device resource consumption where the mobile device resourceconsumption of the second app is less than the mobile device resourceconsumption of the first app. The at least one attribute may belikelihood of piracy where the likelihood of piracy of the second app isless than the likelihood of piracy of the first app. The at least oneattribute may be a risk rating where the risk rating of the second appis less than the risk rating of the first app. For example, an app thathas the capability to transmit a user's browser history may bedetermined to be more risky than an app that does not have thecapability to transmit the browser history.

In other cases, the second app is recommended based on the value of theat least one attribute of the second app being greater than the value ofthe corresponding attribute of the first app. For example, the at leastone attribute may be professionalism where the professionalism rating ofthe second app is greater than the professionalism rating of the firstapp. The at least one attribute may be popularity where the popularityrating of the second app is greater than the popularity rating of thefirst app. The at least one attribute may be reputation where thereputation rating of the second app is greater than the reputationrating of the first app. The at least one attribute may be applicationversion where the version number of the second app is greater than theversion number of the first app. The at least one attribute may be astability rating (e.g., based on a number of application crashes) wherethe stability rating of the second app is greater than the stabilityrating of the first app. Further examples of app attributes are providedelsewhere in this patent application.

Some examples of specific techniques that may be used to compare two ormore apps include a binary difference analysis, graph isomorphismalgorithms, block comparison, symbolic execution, theorem proving, andothers. Binary difference analysis measures the amount common binarycode between two applications. High rates of common binary may indicatesimilar applications. Graph isomorphism measures how similar thestructure of the possible executions graphs of two applications are.High rates of graph matching may indicate similar applications. Symbolicexecution tracks the symbolic rather than actual parameters and internalvalues in an application. This allows simulations of the applications tounderstand when particular control paths will be taken. Programs thatyield similar executions when presented with similar parameters mayindicate similar applications.

A benefit of the comparison and correlation module is if a new app issubmitted but it has not been fully analyzed (e.g., has not been rununder dynamic analysis, no battery profiling data, or not enoughbehavioral data) such as in the case of a newly submitted app, themodule can identify similar apps and use their scan result data togenerate or provide substitute scan result data for the new app. Thus,scan result data can be based on similarity to other apps in the corpus.The scan result data for a given or newly submitted app may contain scanresult data for that new app as well as information for a related app.For example, app security analyzer 4828 may analyze the new app andgenerate a list of security issues present in the new app, butcharacterization system 4831 may not provide battery characterizationinformation because such characterization information may not yet beavailable. So, the system can provide the new app's list of securityissues, but a related app's battery characterization information. Ifscan result data for a new app includes data for a related app, thesystem will note that the scan result data includes data for adifferent, but related app. For example, the new and related app may notbe an exact match, but the two apps can be related based on beingdifferent versions, from the same developer, and so forth.

The output of the analysis engine may be included in an app profile tobe stored in app profiles database 4855. In a specific implementation,each app in apps corpus 4849 is analyzed by the analysis engine togenerate an app profile for the app. The analysis may include analyzingthe app via app security analyzer 4828, categorizing the app via appcategorizer 4829, analyzing the behavior via characterization system4831, running and probing the app in a virtualized environment viaemulator 4832, comparing the app to one or more other apps to determinerelatedness via comparison and correlation module 4834, generating analternative app recommendation via recommendation module 4837, orcombinations of these.

Below is an example of an app profile that may be provided by thesystem. This example of the app profile is formatted as an XML document.It should be appreciated, however, that the app profile may be providedin or outputted using other formats (e.g., text format, or HTML format).Further, an app profile may not necessarily include all of the appprofile data shown below. That is, an app profile may include a subsetof the app profile data shown below.

TABLE D <Application name=“AnApp” hash=“ad3486958086868603458bc045”><Capabilities riskRating=“8”> <Capability name=“ReadContacts”riskRating=“3”> <Description>This application has the ability to readyour contact list; however, in the past, it has not transmitted yourcontact information to the Internet. </Description> </Capability><Capability name=“SendBrowsingHistoryToInternet” riskRating=“8”><Description>This application has the ability to send your browserhistory to the internet. </Description> </Capability> <Capabilityname=“SendPremiumSMS” riskRating=“8”> <Description>This application hasthe ability to send premium-rate SMS messages which may result incharges to your phone bill. </Description> </Capability> <Capabilityname=“SendLocationToInternet” riskRating=“5”> <Description>Thisapplication has the ability to send both your exact and approximatelocation to the Internet. </Description> </Capability> </Capabilities><Libraries riskRating=“6”> <Library name=“adVendorLibrary”><Capabilities> <Capability name=“SendLocationToInternet” riskRating=“6”><Description>This application has the ability to send both your exactand approximate location to adVendor, a mobile advertising network.adVendor states that it will only use this location to serve relevantads and does not archive or store it. </Description> </Capability></Capabilities> </Library> <Library name=“analyticsVendorLibrary”><Capabilities> <Capability name=“SendIMEIToInternet” riskRating=“4”><Description>This application has the ability to send a uniqueidentifier for your device to analyticsVendor. This identifier can beused to uniquely identify your device even if you remove thisapplication. </Description> </Capability> </Capabilities> </Library></Libraries> <Behavior> <Event name=“gpsLocation” frequency=“10/day”averageDuration=“60 secs” > <Description>This application uses GPS tolocate your device on average 10 times per day for about 1 minute eachtime. </Description> </Event> <Event name=“notRespondingError”frequency=“0.1/day” /> <Event name=“crash” frequency=“0.2/day” /><Network> <Cell transmitSize=“100 kB/day” receiveSize=“12 kB/day”/><WiFi transmitSize=“190 kB/day” receiveSize=“12 kB/day”/> </Network><CPU> <Background always=“true” time=“2 min/day”/> <Foreground time=“10min/day”/> </CPU> <GPU time=“0.2 min/day”/> <IO> <Background io=“0.012kB/sec”/> <Foreground io=“1.3 kB/sec”/> </IO> <Memory> <BackgroundpageFault=“1.2/sec” contextSwitch=“0.1/sec”proportionalSharedSize=“10234 kB” uniqueSize=“4123 kB”/> <ForegroundpageFault=“10/sec” contextSwitch=“14/sec” proportionalSharedSize=“12133kB” uniqueSize=“8013 kB”/> </Memory> </Behavior> <PrivacyriskRating=“8”> <AdNetwork name=“adVendor” riskRating=“6”source=“adVendorLibrary”> <Description>This application displays adsprovided by adVendor, a mobile advertising network. ad Vendor gathersyour location in order to serve you relevant advertisements.</Description> </AdNetwork> <AdNetwork name=“anotherAdVendor”riskRating=“1” source=“webview”> <Description>This application displaysads provided by anotherAdVendor, a mobile advertising network.anotherAdVendor does not recored any of your information in order toserve you ads. </Description> </AnalyticsService> <Analytics Servicename=“analyticsVendor” riskRating=“4” source=“analyticsVendorLibrary”><Description>This application provides information to an analyticsservice run by analyticsVendor. analyticsVendor records uniqueidentifying information for your device. </Description></AnalyticsService> <SharesData name=“Location” riskRating=“3”fromCapability=“SendLocationToInternet”> <Description>This applicationshares your location with Facebook, a social network. This socialnetwork allows you to control who receives your location information.</Description> </SharesData> <SharesData name=“BrowsingHistory”riskRating=“8” fromCapability=“SendBrowsingHistoryToInternet”><Description>This application shares your browsing history with anunknown server on the Internet. This server has not been evaluated forsecurity or privacy practices. </Description> </SharesData> </Privacy><Battery riskRating=“7” backgroundCurrent=“6.8 mA” foregroundCurrent=“20mA” averageCurrent=“7.5 mA”> <Description>This application uses 10% of atypical device's battery per day. </Description> <CPU percentage=“ 30”riskRating=“5”/> <Network percentage=“40” riskRating=“7”/> <GPSpercentage=“25” riskRating=“7”/> <GPU percentage=“ 5” riskRating=“4”/></Battery> <Performance riskRating=“3”> <Description>This applicationwill not noticeably affect your device's performance. </Description><Memory riskRating=“3”/> <CPU riskRating=“2”/> <IO riskRating=“1”/></Performance> <Security rating=“6”> <Vulnerability severity=“6”type=“OutOfDateLibrary” name=“libpng” cve=“CVE-2011- 2690”><Description>This application contains an out of date library with amedium-severity vulnerability. </Description> </Vulnerability><Vulnerability severity=“5” type=“DataDisclosure” name=“plantext_http”><Description>This application transmits data to a server withoutencryption, making it susceptible to interception. </Description></Vulnerability> </Security> <Quality riskRating=“4”> <Description>Thisapplication occasionally crashes. </Description> </Quality><Authenticity riskRating=“10”> <Piracy likelyPirated=“true”registeredAppSimilarityRating=“10”/> </Authenticity> <Reputation><Application averageUserRating=“2.3” numberOfRatings=“3123”popularityRating=“2”/> <Developer piratesSoftware=“true”writesMalware=“false” numberOfApplications=“200” averageUserRating=“2.1”numberOfRatings=“100121” popularityRating=“4”/> </Reputation></Application>

Reanalysis manager 4816 is responsible for determining whether and whenapps in the corpus or a particular app in the apps corpus should bereanalyzed. The reanalysis manager 4816 includes scheduler 4843 andpolicy and signature update detector 4846. The scheduler is responsiblefor selecting and scheduling apps for reanalysis and, in a specificimplementation, for a dynamic analysis or emulation.

As a result of the reanalysis initiated by the reanalysis manager, anapp previously categorized as non-malware may be re-categorized asmalware. Without undergoing reanalysis, the app may remain categorizedas non-malware or may not be categorized as malware when that is not anaccurate characterization of the app at the particular moment of accessby a user. Unsuspecting users may then continue to have and use thesenow-malicious apps on their mobile devices which may ultimately wreckhavoc through identity theft, loss of information, and so forth. Thereanalysis feature helps to catch malware developers who evadeconventional analysis techniques by publishing benign apps which passanalysis, but then become malicious through, for example, referencechanges at a server or receipt of malicious instructions. A well-managedre-analysis procedure reduces the instances where this type of evasivebehavior is successful.

Policy and signature update detector 4846 can detect when a new malwaresignature has been created or added to signature database 4864, detectwhen an existing signature has been modified, edited, altered, orchanged in the signature database, detect when a new policy has beencreated or added to policies database 4861, or detect when an existingpolicy has been modified, edited, altered, or changed in the policiesdatabase. The detector may poll the databases for changes, receiveupdates on changes via database triggers, or both. When, for example, apolicy is changed or there is a new malware signature, the reanalysismanager can direct the analysis engine to reanalyze the apps corpus togenerate new or updated app profiles. See FIG. 51 and accompanyingdescription below for further details.

App tracker 4819 is responsible for storing in app tracking database4867 records that can be used to identify a particular mobile device,and the apps installed on that particular mobile device. Suchinformation may be gathered, with the mobile device user's consent, by acollection agent installed on the particular mobile device. Table Ebelow shows an example of some information that may be stored in the apptracking database 4867.

TABLE E Mobile Device Number Installed Apps (415) 555-8675 app A, app C,app K (215) 555-0143 app B, app F, app K (650) 555-9843 app A, app G,app Y

As shown in Table E above, a first column lists contact information fora mobile device such as the mobile device telephone number. A secondcolumn lists the apps installed on the mobile device. Thus, the mobiledevice identified as or having the number “(415) 555-8675” includes appsA, C, and K. The mobile device having the number “(215) 555-0143”includes apps B, F, and K. The mobile device having the number “(650)555-9843” includes apps A, G, and Y. The information shown in Table Eabove is merely an example of some of the information that may bestored. Other information that may be stored include mobile device type,operating system version, user notification preferences, and so forth.

The app tracker 4819 allows the system to send an alert or notificationto the mobile device users if any of installed apps are found to bemalicious. In some cases, the system may initially not have the app toanalyze. For example, users 4735 (FIG. 47) may not have submitted theapp to the system. When, however, the app is eventually submitted to thesystem, the system can analyze the app and, if a malware or otherundesirable result is found, the system can send an alert to each userthat may have that app installed on their mobile device.

An alert can be provided to both the entity (e.g., user) who submittedthe app for analysis and to other entities (e.g., other users) who didnot submit the app for analysis, but had the app installed on theirmobile devices. For example, if the analysis engine discovers that app Kis malware, the scanning API service can use the app tracking databaseto lookup which mobile devices have app K (i.e., mobile devices “(415)555-8675” and “(215) 555-0143”). The system can then send alerts tothese devices even if the system did not receive the app K from thesedevices to analyze. This proactive technique helps to provide protectionbenefits to many different users.

In a specific implementation a method includes storing a set of records,each record including contact information for a mobile device, andinformation identifying application programs installed on the mobiledevice. The method further includes after the storing step, receiving anapplication program to analyze, determining that the receivedapplication program includes malware, and transmitting an alert to eachmobile device having the received application program installed on themobile device. The contact information may be a mobile device phonenumber as shown in Table E above. Instead or additionally, the contactinformation may include an email address of a user of the mobile deviceor push notification identifier. The alert may be a text message, email,push notification, or any other type of notification. Notifications maybe designed to be consumed by a user or administrator so they can takecorrective action. A notification may also be designed to be consumed bysoftware on a mobile device so the software can take corrective actionwith or without user intervention.

Reporting and callback module 4822 is responsible for reporting appanalysis results data, logging the reporting in results reporting log4858, and making callbacks if, for example, based on a reanalysis thereis a change in an assessment of an attribute of an app.

Apps marketplace owners 4870 and clients 4873 can connect to the APIscanning service through a network 4876 to receive apps analysisresults. In various specific implementations, results are providedprogrammatically through an API interface 4879, an HTML status page4882, a widget 4885, an apps marketplace widget 4888, or combinations ofthese.

An application programming interface (API) includes a set of rules andspecifications that software programs can follow to communicate witheach other. It serves as an interface between different softwareprograms and facilitates their interaction, similar to the way the userinterface facilitates interaction between humans and computers.Specifically, there may be an online apps marketplace 4890 (e.g.,Android Marketplace, Apple App Store, GetJar, or Handango) executing onthird party servers. The online apps marketplace accesses services andfunctions of the scanning API service via the programmatic interfaceprovided by the API servers. In a specific implementation, the API isprovided as part of an app marketplace owner dashboard. Through thedashboard, marketplace owners can see an app that they are being askedto distribute. Before the owner places the app on the marketplace, theowner requests an analysis of the app from the system. The systemreturns an assessment. Based on the assessment, the app marketplaceowner may or may not decide to place the app in the marketplace.

As another example, clients such as clients 4892A and 4892B may includewidget 4885 and apps marketplace widget 4888, respectively, which viaAPI servers 4805 can programmatically access app analysis resultsprovided by the scanning API service 4802. The widgets may be providedthrough a browser program at the clients. In another specificimplementation, app analysis results are provided through a nativeapplication user interface or web page such as an HTML web page 4882 ata client 4892C. The web page may be provided by web servers 4807.

In a specific implementation, the API interface includes an HTTP API. Inthis specific implementation, a scan request is submitted e.g., POST/application_instance. The parameters may include an app download URL,app data, a scan completion callback URL, an assessment change emailaddress, phone number, URL, or combinations of these. The app downloadURL or app data may be supplied in body raw or in a multi-part encoding.In some cases, an immediate scan result may be provided if such scanresults are available. In a specific implementation, the systemgenerates a first identifier for a previously submitted app based on,for example, a hash of the app data. The first identifier is associatedwith the scan results of the previously submitted app. Upon receipt of anewly submitted app, the system generates a second identifier for thenewly submitted app by hashing the app data. The system compares thefirst and second identifiers. Matching identifiers can indicate that thepreviously submitted app and the newly submitted app are the same. Thesystem can retrieve and immediately return the stored or cached scanresults of the previously submitted app.

In other cases where the app has not already been scanned, there may bea callback after the scan finishes if the system is configured tooperate asynchronously or the system may wait for the scan to finishbefore returning a result to the POST request if the system isconfigured to operate synchronously. The callback may be to a scancompletion callback URL. The completion callback may be an HTTP POST toa user supplied URL that contains scan result data. The API can includethe ability to get a scan result by an application identifier (such as ahash of the app data) e.g., GET /application_instance/abcdef01234567890.If scan result data is not immediately available because, for example,the app has yet to be analyzed, the system may provide status toindicate, for example, that the system is currently downloading the appfor analysis, is currently analyzing the app, or both. The ability toget an app's scan result by its identifier allows the API to provideresults for applications that have already been scanned without havingto re-submit the app data (which may be large) every time.

In another specific implementation, an interface includes an HTML statuspage (e.g., /application_instances/abcdef01234567890). The status pagemay show scan result data. Some scan result data may be provided tousers without cost or without requiring users to login. Other scanresult data may be provided to users only after login or authorization.In other words, the service may have separate categories of data, suchas a free and pro (or premium) and may require login for pro or premiumdata. Based on the analysis of the app by analysis engine 4813, theservice may offer recommendations. For example, the service may offer anapp or other purchase based on scan result data. For example, if scanresult data of the app indicates that the app is malware, the servicemay offer an anti-malware app for download. If scan result data of theapp indicates that the app consumes large amounts of battery power(e.g., is a battery abuser), the service may offer battery protectionsoftware. If scan result data of the app indicates that the app shouldbe categorized as a game, the service may provide an advertisement foranother game.

In another specific implementation, an interface includes a widget. Forexample, the interface may be a web page having an integratedHTML/Javascript widget. In this specific implementation, the widget isconfigured to display information about a particular file hash that maybe specified by a URL. A Javascript file is loaded from a URL (e.g.,/application_instance/abcdef01324567890/widget) that contains the resultdata and code to programmatically construct the widget in the HTML pagesit is loaded into. Alternatively, the result data may be provided in rawform without code to programmatically construct the widget, the callingcode in the HTML page determining how to construct the widget. In eithercase, the browser retrieves result data associated with an application'shash or the URL where it is located and displays a widget. As anexample, JSONP may be used to load the data dynamically. In anotherexample, Javascript may dynamically augment download links (e.g., thatare of a certain class being applied to links or that match a certaintarget URL), displaying result data about the application the linkpoints to. In a specific implementation, the widget displays the message“Download now” and a visual representation (e.g., “Protected byLookout”). The widget can request result data from the API (e.g., via anincluded Javascript file, JSONP, or just an image). If there has been noscan yet and the result data is being requested based on a targetdownload URL, then the server may retrieve the application located atthe download URL and the widget may wait for the result data to becomeavailable. A waiting indicator may show until there is a scan. FIG. 48Bshows an example of an app analysis widget.

In this specific implementation, if there is a threat, the service warnsa user before allowing the download by, for example, an interstitialin-window popup. This helps to offer security protection. Alternatively,clicking on the download link brings up an interface showing informationabout the app (e.g., permissions, security data, etc.) for a user toreview. Some of the data may be “pro only” or “premium” and a user maybe required to login with an account to view. Logging in may set acookie on the user's browser so that they will see the “pro” or“premium” data across multiple download sites.

In another specific implementation, an interface includes a nativemobile interface (e.g., integrated into an app store or online appmarketplace). In this specific implementation, there is a UI widget thatrequests result data from the server or service. The server returnsresult data. UI widget displays result data summary (e.g., malicious/OK,or risk level). Tapping the widget displays full result information.Based on the result, the service may offer an action (e.g., purchaseanti-virus, purchase battery protector, purchase a related applicationthat is better on some result such as a different calculator app thatuses less private data).

FIG. 49 shows an overall flow 4905 of an embodiment of the scanning APIservice. Some specific flows are presented in this application, but itshould be understood that the techniques are not limited to the specificflows and steps presented. There can be additional steps (notnecessarily described in this application), different steps whichreplace some of the steps presented, fewer steps or a subset of thesteps presented, or steps in a different order than presented, or anycombination of these. Further, the steps in other implementations maynot be exactly the same as the steps presented and may be modified oraltered as appropriate for a particular application or based on thedata. Moreover, the functionality may also be distributed amongsthardware configurations that are different in structure from theconfiguration shown in the FIG. 49.

In a step 4910, the scanning API service receives a request for ananalysis of an app. The request includes first and second responsedestinations. In a step 4915, the service analyzes the app and generatesa first scan result. In a step 4920, the first scan result is reportedto the first response destination specified in the request. In aspecific implementation, the request is received (step 4910) before theservice analyzes the app (step 4915). For example, the app may not yetbe in apps corpus 4849 (FIG. 48A) for the scanning API service toanalyze. In other words, in this specific implementation, after arequest to analyze the app is received, the service analyzes the app.

In another specific implementation, the service analyzes the app (step4915) before the request is received (step 4910). In other words, afterthe service analyzes the app, a request for an analysis of the app isreceived. For example, before the request to analyze is made by a user,the crawler 4725 (FIG. 47) may download the app into apps corpus 4849for the scanning API service to analyze. This crawling allows theservice to quickly return the analysis results after receiving ananalysis request from a user because the app will have already beenanalyzed. The entity (e.g., user or requesting application) does nothave to wait while the service analyzes the app because it has alreadydone so.

An initial request for an analysis of an app may include an identifierfor the app so that the app can be identified. The identifier can be anyvalue or combination of values that helps to identify an app ordistinguish one app from another app. For example, the identifier mayinclude a package identifier or title of an app. In a specificimplementation, the identifier includes a value that is a hash of theapp. The value may be generated using a hash function (e.g., MD5, orSHA-1 hash function) and the app data itself may be omitted from theinitial request. This allows the size of the initial request to be keptsmall and lightweight which can help to reduce network congestion.

The scanning API service upon receiving the initial request can use theidentifier to lookup any scan result data for the app. If scan resultdata cannot be found (e.g., the app is not in the apps corpus), thesystem can include in a response to the initial request an indicationfor the requesting entity to supply the app or an address (e.g., URL)that identifies a location from which the service can retrieve ordownload the app. Thus, a request for analysis of an app may or may notinclude the app data or a URL where it can be downloaded from as a partof the request.

In a specific implementation, the app analysis request includes firstand second response destinations. The first response destinationspecifies the location to which the scanning API service should returnanalysis results. The second response destination specifies the locationto which the scanning API service should return reanalysis results(e.g., assessment changes). A response destination may include a UniformResource Identifier (URI), Uniform Resource Locator (URL), emailaddress, phone number, or combinations of these. For example, a URL mayreference a server that will perform actions, such as automaticallyremoving applications identified as malware from an application marketwhen the URL is requested. The server may be implemented in a variety ofways, including a PHP script or a Java, Ruby, or Python applicationserver.

The first response destination may be the same or different from thesecond response destination. This allows the requesting entity orrequester to specify the same or different destinations for receivinganalysis and reanalysis results. For example, a requester's process orbackend process for managing reanalysis results may be different fromthe process or backend process for managing first or previous analysisresults. Thus, a first response destination may include a URL and thesecond response destination may include a phone number. A first responsedestination may include a first URL and the second response destinationmay include a second URL. The second URL may be the same or differentfrom the first URL. In a specific embodiment the service may providedefault settings for the destination information for the first responseand the second response. The service may also provide as part of theuser interface a series of options for delivery of the first and secondresponses. Alternatively (and possibly simultaneously), the system canprovide the user with the capability to configure the responsedestination configuration for the first and second responses.

In step 4920, the first scan result is reported to the first responsedestination. As discussed above, in a specific implementation, the scanresult is reported programmatically through an API to a callback URLspecified in the request. In another specific implementation, the scanresult is reported to a user interface such as to HTML status page 4882(FIG. 48A). FIG. 50 shows a block diagram of various types of scanresults 5005 that may be reported. A scan result may be an assessment ofvarious attributes or properties of an app. As shown in FIG. 50, a scanresult may include security issues 5015, an app category 5020,characterization 5025, and metadata 5030, a set of remediation actions5040, or a single or preferred remediation action 5045.

In a specific implementation, the scan results are provided in an appprofile. It should be appreciated, however, that a profile may notnecessarily include all the scan result types shown in FIG. 50. Aprofile may include any combination of the scan results shown in FIG.50. For example, a profile may include security issues 5015, andremediation actions 5040 and 5045 may be omitted from the profile. Aprofile may include the category 5020 that the app should belong to, andcharacterization 5025, metadata 5030, or both may be omitted from theprofile. The amount of information present or not present in the profilemay also be determined by the user's status as a subscriber or not, as apremium subscriber or not, etc.

In a specific implementation, the type of scan result provided by thescanning API service is based on factors such as whether the requestingentity is a paying or non-paying entity, whether the entity is or is notlogged in, a number of previous requests made by the entity, a time ofthe request, the availability of the scan result data, or combinationsof these. For example, an app marketplace owner who is a paying customermay receive vulnerabilities 5015 and characterization 5025. An appmarketplace owner who is a non-paying customer may receive securityissues, but not characterization information.

In another embodiment, the system may provide users with a certainnumber of complete scan results for free or without charge, provide acertain number of complete scan results for a specific time periodwithout charge, or both. For example, an app marketplace owner who hasrequested less than a threshold number of requests may receive securityissues 5015 and characterization 5025. An app marketplace owner who hasrequested more than the threshold number may receive security issues5015, but not characterization 5025 or the more frequent user has to payconsideration for an upgrade in service. This allows the app marketplaceowner to receive some trial results in order to evaluate the benefitsprovided by the scanning API service without making a large investment.

In some cases, such as with new apps, the system may have securityissues 5015, but not characterization 5025 because characterizationanalysis may take longer to perform than a security analysis. So, in aspecific implementation, the system may provide security issues 5015 andcharacterization 5025 separately. A benefit of this feature is that therequester does not have to wait for the characterization to be completedin order to receive the vulnerabilities. For example, security issuesmay be provided while app characterization system is analyzingbehavioral data. Thus, characterization may be provided after securityissues are provided. Characterization may be provided in a transmissionor operation separate from the security issues. The characterization maybe provided via a callback URL specified in the request. A requestingentity may receive security issues before receiving characterization.That is, the requesting entity may receive characterization 5025 aftersecurity issues 5015 have been received.

Security issues 5015 may include an identification of the securityissues, a number of the security issues, coding flaws, a number ofcoding flaws, or combinations of these. In a specific implementation,characterization system 4828 provides a list of the app's permissions.Specifically, some apps such as Android apps can access features or dataon a mobile device by declaring certain permissions. For example, anAndroid app that monitors incoming SMS messages would specify:

TABLE F <manifestxmlns:android=“http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android”package=“com.android.app.myapp” > <uses-permission android:name=“android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS” /> ... </manifest>

As other examples: “android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION” allows anapplication to access fine (e.g., GPS) location, “CALL_PHONE” allows anapplication to initiate a phone call without going through the Dialeruser interface for the user to confirm the call being placed,“READ_CONTACTS” allows an application to read the user's contactsdata—just to name a few examples. The Android Developers Reference forAndroid 3.2 r1, Sep. 22, 2011, available at<http://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html>,which is incorporated by reference, includes an extensive list ofpermissions which the scanning API service may identify when analyzingan Android app.

Characterization 5025, as previously discussed, includes an analysis ofapp behavioral data such as measurements of app battery consumption,network consumption, and so forth.

Category 5020, as previously discussed, indicates the category in whichthe app should be placed in (e.g., game, news, weather, socialnetworking, pornographic, mapping, file sharing, and so forth). In aspecific implementation, a scan result includes categorization for theapp such as contains a particular ad network or uses a particularanalytics system. Third party ad networks and analytics systems providefeatures which app developers may integrate into their apps. An apphaving integrated ad network features may display advertisements such astext and image ads inside the app (e.g., in-app advertising).

The app developer may receive compensation or payment for including adnetwork features in the app. Some examples of ad networks includeMadvertise, BuzzCity, Adfonic, Admoda/Adultmoda, Mojiva, InMobi, AdMob,Hunt Mobile Ads, Millennial Media, Greystripe, Madhouse, Jumptap, MobileTheory, YOC Group, Hands, NAVTEQ Media Solutions, Microsoft MobileAdvertising, Advertising.com/AOL, and many others. Analytics systems cantrack how the app is being used such as how long, when, and where theuser used the app. These are merely a few examples of some of themetrics that an app using an analytics system may collect. App users maybe concerned about the privacy issues related to advertising andtracking of consumer data through such mobile applications. Some adnetworks and analytics systems may gather more detailed and personalinformation than others. Thus, it is desirable to identify, if any,which ad network, analytic system, or both an app uses.

Metadata 5030, as previously discussed, may include an identification ofother places (e.g., other online marketplaces) where the app isavailable, app distribution data such as popularity and ratings,authorship information, the cost of an app, the cost of an app in aparticular marketplace, or combinations of these.

Remediation actions 5040, as previously discussed, may include dynamicnetwork protection data (e.g., block these hosts or IPs), informationabout how to block the app (e.g., signatures), or both. In a specificimplementation, a result includes two or more remediation actions. Forexample, if there are multiple options, the system can transmit all ofthe options with the API consumer determining which to use. In anotherspecific implementation, a result includes a single or preferredremediation action 5045. That is, the system can determine which to sendto the API consumer (sending only a preferred remediation action). Forexample, a system may look up a classification for the user and phonetrying to load an application in a central database. The system maychoose a block remediation action if the user is classified as ajuvenile and a user warning otherwise. That is, the type of remediationaction provided may be based on a user profile. For example, in aspecific implementation, an app is analyzed and a determination is madeto provide a remediation action based on the analysis. If a user profileof a user of the app indicates the user's age is less than a thresholdage, a first remediation action is provided. If the user profileindicates the user's age is greater than the threshold age, a secondremediation action is provided, different from the first remediationaction. The user profile may be stored at the mobile device or at alocation remote from the mobile device such as at a server of thesystem.

In a specific implementation, an app analysis result includes an overallseverity or security assessment. For example, the “safeness” of an appmay be ranked along a safety or severity scale. A rating of 1 on thescale may indicate that the app is very safe. A rating of 10 on thescale may indicate that the app is very dangerous (e.g., is malware).Thus, in this example, the “safeness” of the app may range from 1 to 10.A benefit of the scale is that the system can provide more accurate ordetailed assessments as compared to a binary assessment where anapplication is considered either safe or not safe. That is, the scalecan reflect that some apps may be more malicious than other apps. Forexample, an app that transmits a user's passwords may be considered moremalicious than an app that deletes directory information. In anotherspecific implementation, however, the system provides binary assessmentsbecause in other cases users may prefer simple or “yes/no” type answers(e.g., is this application safe or not?).

Referring now to FIG. 49, in step 4925, the scanning API servicedetermines whether apps in the corpus or a particular app in the corpusshould be reanalyzed. In a specific implementation, as shown in a flow5105 of FIG. 51, a determination 5110 that an app should be reanalyzedis based on factors including receiving a new malware signature 5115,receiving an updated malware signature 5120, receiving a new policy5125, receiving an updated policy 5130, or combinations of these. In aspecific implementation, the app that is reanalyzed (step 4930) is thesame app that was initially analyzed (step 4915). That is, the appreferred to in step 4915 is the same app (or application binary)referred to in step 4930 rather than the app being a modified version.In this specific implementation, determining whether or not to reanalyzethe app is based on factors that are external to or independent of theapplication code. In another specific implementation, reanalysis of theapp (step 4930) is based on the app being a modified version of the appinitially analyzed (step 4915).

As described in the discussion accompanying FIG. 48A, a malwaresignature can be used to identify malicious application code. Securityanalyzer 4828 can include a malware scanner to scan an app and comparecode in the app against the malware signature. A string of bits orbinary pattern found in the code that matches a pattern in the malwaresignature may indicate that the app includes malware. A signature may beupdated, a new signature may be created, or both as new malware isdiscovered. Reanalyzing the apps corpus when there is an updated or newpattern helps to ensure that apps in the corpus are properly classifiedbased on the latest malware information.

A policy can include one or more rules which specify how an app shouldbe categorized, how an app should be characterized, or both. Forexample, a policy on battery characterization can specify that appshaving a battery usage rate or consumption greater than a thresholdvalue should be characterized as having heavy battery usagerequirements. In some cases, such a policy may be updated. For example,it may be desirable to change the threshold value at which app ischaracterized as having heavy battery usage requirements because ofimprovements in battery capacity and technology. When the policy isupdated, the reanalysis manager may direct the analysis engine toreanalyze the apps in the corpus so that the battery characterizationsfor the apps may be updated in accordance with the updated policy. Apolicy can be an arbitrary model, created by a human, or as a result ofa machine learning system.

Based on the determination in step 4925, in step 4930, the app isreanalyzed and a second scan result is generated. In step 4935, thesystem determines whether the second scan result should be reported. Insome cases, the second scan result is reported (step 4940). In othercases, the second scan result is not reported. For example, if thesecond scan result is the same as the first scan result, the second scanresult may not be reported because there has not been any change.Alternatively, the second scan result may be reported even if the scanresults are the same so that the app analysis requestor can receive astatus update that there has been no change in assessment.

If the second scan result is different from the first scan result, thesecond scan result may or may not be reported. For example, if thedifference between the first and second scan results is minor (e.g., aminor change in an app's battery usage), the second scan result may notbe reported. If however, the difference between the first and secondscan results is significant (e.g., first scan result indicated app doesnot include malware, second scan result indicates app includes malware),the second scan result may be reported.

More particularly, in a specific implementation, the system makes andreports a first assessment of an attribute associated with an app. Theattribute may include application data such as behavioral data discussedabove. The system reanalyzes the app and makes a second assessment ofthe attribute. Based on a difference between the second and firstassessments, a type of the attribute, or both the second assessment isor is not reported.

For example, in a specific implementation, the type of attributeindicates whether the app is or is not malware, the first assessment ofthe attribute indicates the app is not malware, and the secondassessment indicates the app is malware. In this specificimplementation, the second assessment is reported.

In another specific implementation, the type of attribute is batteryusage, the first assessment of the attribute indicates a first batteryusage rate. The second assessment indicates a second battery usage rate.If the difference or absolute difference between the second and firstbattery usage rates is less than a threshold value, the secondassessment is not reported. If the difference is greater than thethreshold value, the second assessment is reported.

In another specific implementation, the type of attribute isvulnerabilities, the first assessment of the attribute indicates a firstset of vulnerabilities. The second assessment indicates a second set ofvulnerabilities. At least one vulnerability in the second set is not inthe first set, the at least one vulnerability being a new vulnerability.The second assessment is reported.

As shown in step 4940, the system can send changed assessment results tothe second response destination specified in the request. As previouslydiscussed, the second response destination may be the same or differentfrom the first response destination. In a specific implementation, arequest includes two or more second response destinations. The systemselects which of the two or more second response destinations to sendthe result based on the severity of the change in assessment. Forexample, if the change includes finding a new vulnerability in the app,a selected second response destination may be an email. If, however, thechange includes finding malware in the app, a selected second responsedestination may be a phone call, SMS message, email, URL callback, orcombinations of these. This type of notification scheme helps toprovide, for example, immediate notification of critical security issuesso that administrators can respond to the critical security issues firstbefore addressing less critical security issues.

Thus, if the analysis process changes because there is a new heuristic,a new set of signatures, policy changes, or combinations of these thesystem can reprocess the entire apps corpus, look for any changes inassessment, and notify publishers if the assessment on somethingchanges. For example, heuristics, signatures and policy changes may beadded to the system by the organization maintaining the system. Thesystem can be configured to rescan the corpus manually at operatorrequest or to trigger the rescan whenever the heuristics, signatures orpolicies change. The re-scan may or may not depend on user profile.

FIG. 52 shows a flow 5205 for analyzing apps in emulator 4832 (FIG.48A), a process that may be referred to as dynamic analysis. Aspreviously discussed, during emulation, the app can be probed and itsoperations can be monitored. Emulation can be beneficial in cases wherean app includes a reference to a server which controls the functionalityof the app. In some cases, a change at the server can cause the app toperform undesirable operations, e.g., send spam to all contacts indirectory. As another example, a benign app may be designed to receivemalicious instructions that cause the app to perform undesirableoperations. By monitoring applications over time, an adverse applicationthat manifests itself after a period of time can be detected.

In a step 5210, the system selects one or more apps from the apps corpusfor emulation. In a step 5215, the emulator is run and the one or moreapps are probed to generate first emulation results. Emulation durationsmay vary greatly depending on factors such as the particular appattribute or time-based attribute being assessed, the complexity of theapp, and so forth. Generally, longer durations can provide more accurateresults, but it is also desirable to provide results as soon aspossible. Durations for which a particular app may be run within theemulator can range from about a few minutes to a few hours, including,for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, or 24 minutes or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 hours.In some cases the duration may be less than 1 minute or greater than 5hours.

In a step 5220, the system reports the first emulation results. In astep 5225, a next or subsequent emulation is scheduled. In a step 5230,the emulator is rerun and at least a subset of the one or more apps isprobed to generate second emulation results. In a step 5235, the systemdetermines whether the second emulation results should be reported.Based on the determination, in a step 5240, the second emulation resultsare reported.

In a specific implementation, emulation is a subprocess of the appanalysis and result reporting shown in FIG. 49 and described in thediscussion accompanying FIG. 49. For example, analyzing the app (step4915) may include probing the app in the emulator. Reporting firstresults to the first response destination (step 4920) may includereporting the first emulation results to the first response destination.Determining whether second results should be reported (step 4935) mayinclude determining whether second emulation results should be reported.In another specific implementation, the emulation results or output fromthe emulator is provided as input to app characterization system 4831.

Selecting and scheduling apps for emulation may be based on factors,rules or policies including application or characterization data such asapp functionality, behavior, reputation, capabilities, app popularity,app release date, or combinations of these. For example, apps havinglower trust ratings than other apps may be selected over the other appsfor emulation or may be scheduled for more frequent emulations than theother apps. Apps that are more popular than other apps may be selectedover other apps that are less popular. Apps having later release datesmay be selected over other apps that have earlier release dates or viceversa (e.g., exponential decay: when an app is initially released theremay be frequent reanalyses, but as the time from the release date growslonger, the frequency of the reanalyses decreases). Apps having moreextensive or dangerous permissions may be selected over other appshaving less extensive or dangerous permissions. Emulations may bescheduled, for example, hourly, daily, or weekly.

FIG. 53 shows a flow 5305 of a specific implementation for providing asubstitute app profile if the specifically requested app profile is notin app profile database 4855. In a step 5310, the system generates andstores an app profile for each app in the apps corpus. Generating theapp profiles may include analyzing the apps using analysis engine 4813(FIG. 48A). In a step 5315, the system receives a request for an appprofile of a specific app. The request may be received in a mannersimilar to receiving an app analysis request (step 4910—FIG. 49).

In a step 5320, the system determines that the app profile for thespecific app is not in the app profile database. In this specificimplementation, the system can return a substitute app profile. Thesubstitute app profile may be the profile of a similar or related app(see steps 5325-5330) or a composite profile (see steps 5335-5350).Returning a substitute app profile provides the requester with at leastsome relevant information concerning the specific app. If someinformation about the specific app is available, but other informationis not available, the unavailable information may be drawn from asubstitute app profile to form a composite app profile. If no relevantinformation about the specific app is available a substitute app profilemay be returned.

Referring to the flow in steps 5325-5330, in a step 5325 the system mayidentify another app in the app data store that is similar to thespecific app. Any suitable technique may be used for determiningsimilarity. In a specific implementation, the system compares the appsigner and package of the specific app with the app signer and packageof one or more other apps. In this specific implementation, if thesigners and packages match, the system determines that the apps aresimilar even though the apps may be of different versions. Below is anexample for correlating apps based on signer and package.

TABLE G Application Signer Package Version App A Cindy Pkg5 3.0 App BBen Pkg1 2.6 App C Joe Pkg6 2.0 App B′ Ben Pkg1 2.7

The above table G shows a few entries of app data from apps profilesdatabase 4855. To simplify explanation, only a selected subset of datafields in each entry is shown in the table. Given a specific app “App E”having a signer “Ben” and package “Pkg1” the system can correlate App Eto Apps B and B′ based on each app having the same signer and package.In this example, related Apps B and B′ are of different versions. In aspecific implementation, the system selects the highest or latestversion of a related app that has the desirable profile information.This helps to ensure that the system provides the most up-to-dateprofile information available. In this example, the profile for relatedApp B′ would be provided in response to the request for the App Eprofile (step 5330).

In another specific implementation, the system performs a contentsimilarity analysis to determine how similar or the degree of similaritybetween the contents of the two files (i.e., the specific app and theother app). In a specific implementation, content similarity is based ona static code analysis to determine program similarity.

In another specific implementation, another app is related to thespecific app if both apps are the same with different packaging (e.g.,Amazon DRM, or resigned app), or apps correlated to malware but notactually malicious themselves. The system can compare the specific appwith a first app in the apps corpus and determine that both apps are thesame even if one of the specific app or first app has been packaged witha particular app packaging tool and the other of the specific or firstapp has not been packaged with the tool. A package may include alicense, license text to explain to a user the purpose of the license,digital rights management (DRM) objects such as controls, controllers,protectors, encryption, app usage rules or conditions, installer,publisher name, signature, and the like. Different packaging may referto different types of installers, different publisher names, differentsignatures, or combinations of these.

A technique to determine relatedness may include correlation ofpublisher, authorship, publisher accounts, signing keys, or combinationsof these. The system may compare the publisher of the specific app withthe publishers of other apps in the apps corpus to determine whetherthere is a match. This can help to inform the results returned for thespecific app. For example, there may be a case where although thespecific app does not include malware, that other apps from the samepublisher do include malware. The system may advise that caution be usedwhen providing or downloading the specific app.

More particularly, in some cases, the system will provide an app profileof a related app even if there is an app profile for the specific app.The app profile of the related app may be provided in addition to orinstead of the app profile for the specific app. One example of ascenario where this may occur is if the specific app is correlated toknown bad apps (e.g., malware). An app may be suspect if it iscorrelated to known bad apps. Consider the following example, a specificapp is not malware, but there is an app classified as malware that isfrom the same developer as the specific app. In this case, the specificapp may be suspect because although it may not be classified as malware,it is from a developer who has published malware in the past. It maythen be desirable to provide the app profile of the related app that ismalware, a warning notification that the specific app is from adeveloper known for publishing malware, or both. Thus, in a specificimplementation, the system may determine that although two apps are notsimilar, the two apps are related because they are from the samedeveloper (or signer or publisher) where one of the apps is malware.

In a step 5330, in response to the request for the app profile of thespecific app (step 5315), the system provides the app profile of theother app that is similar or related to the specific app.

Referring now to steps 5335-5350, if the app profile of the specific appis not in the app profile database or the app's profile does not containall of the required information, the system may instead or additionallyprovide a composite profile. More particularly, in a step 5335, thesystem scans the specific app and generates scan results. For example,an analysis of the app may include scanning the app using a malwarescanner of security analyzer 4828. The system compares the scan resultsof the specific app with scan results of one or more other apps in theapps corpus. In a step 5340, based on the comparison, the system mayidentify another app profile of another app in the apps corpus as havingscan results similar to the scan results of the specific app. In aspecific implementation, the system compares the sequence of computercalls each app program can make. If the sequences are similar enough(e.g., there is a high degree of similarity), the system may decide thatthe two apps are similar.

A determination of similarity may be based on results from securityanalyzer 4828. Instead or additionally, a determination of similaritymay be based on one or more other analysis components of analysis engine4813. In a specific implementation, there is a model to determinecomparable apps. Inputs to the model can include any number ofmeasurements such as popularity, price, size, and so forth. Below is alist of some of the inputs or factors that may be used by the model todetermine whether an app is comparable (e.g., similar or related toanother app).

(1) Popularity: App popularity may be based on third party ratings(e.g., Nielsen ratings), a number of “Likes” (e.g., “thumbs up”), anumber of “Dislikes” (e.g., “thumbs down”), a number of app downloads,or combinations of these. Apps having similar popularity ratings may bedetermined to be comparable.

(2) Price: Apps having similar prices may be determined to becomparable.

(3) Size: Apps having similar sizes (e.g., similar number of megabytes)may be determined to be comparable.

(4) Signer, developer, publisher: Apps having the same signer,developer, or publisher may be determined to be comparable.

(5) App content: Apps having similar content may be determined to becomparable.

(6) App packaging: Apps having similar packaging may be determined to becomparable.

(7) App title and description (e.g., metadata): Apps having similartitles, descriptions, or both may be determined to be comparable.

(8) Scan results data: Apps having similar scan results data may bedetermined to be comparable.

In a step 5345, the system inserts into a composite app profile usageanalysis results (e.g., behavioral data or other characterization data)from the other app profile and scan results of the specific app. Thatis, the composite app profile includes scan results of the specific appand usage analysis results of the other app. In a step 5350, in responseto the request, the system provides the composite app profile.

Thus, a scan result for an app may draw information from other apps inthe app corpus. For example, the system may receive an analysis requestfor version 2.0 of a particular app. Version 2.0 may have just beenrecently released so the system may not have app behavioral data such asthe battery impact or usage requirements of version 2.0. The system,however, may have the battery usage requirements for version 1.0 of theparticular app. The system can determine that versions 1.0 and 2.0 aresimilar and return scan results for version 1.0 (e.g., battery usagerequirements for version 1.0).

As another example, scan results for other apps in the app corpus caninform the results for a particular app. More particularly, in aspecific implementation, a technique to determine whether a particularapp is pirated includes receiving a request for an analysis of theparticular app, the request including an indication that the particularapp is free or is without cost. The system examines the corpus anddetermines that another app is the same as the particular app. The otherapp is available in a marketplace different from a marketplace of theparticular app, and is not free. That is, a user is required to submit apayment in order to use the other app. The system determines that thatparticular app is pirated.

F. Crawling Multiple Markets and Correlating System

FIG. 54 shows a block diagram of an overall architecture of a system5405 for collecting application objects including application programs,and associated application metadata, and making correlations andinferences. This system includes a collection server 5410, an analysisserver 5415, a reporting server 5420, and a data repository or datastore 5425. The data repository includes an application program database5430, an application program metadata database 5435, an extractedinformation database 5440, a results database 5445, and a client devicepersonality database 5446. It should be appreciated that FIG. 54 ismerely illustrative of an embodiment. It is noted that the blocks arefunctional rather than structural so that it is possible to have manydifferent hardware configurations that can perform the illustratedfunctions. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize othervariations, modifications, and alternatives.

In an embodiment, the system is connected to a network 5447 throughwhich the system collects application programs, application programmetadata, or both from any number of sources. In a specificimplementation, the application programs are mobile application programswhich may be referred to as “apps.” Mobile application programs includesoftware designed for portable electronic devices, mobile Internetdevices (MID), ultra-mobile personal computers (UMPC), or mobilecommunications devices such as smartphones, mobile phones, tabletcomputers, personal digital assistants, and the like. It should beappreciated, however, that the system may instead or additionally beadapted to collect and analyze application programs designed fornon-portable electronic devices (e.g., desktop computers).

Sources of application objects (e.g., application programs, applicationmetadata, or both) may include application marketplaces 5450, forums5455, application developer web sites 5460, other download sites 5462,user submissions, blogs, social networking sites (e.g., Facebook), newsweb sites (e.g., CNET), or combinations of these. The system uses thecollected applications to make correlations and inferences to determine,for example, which application programs have been pirated, have beenmaliciously modified, or include copyrighted or trademarked content.

For example, mobile application programs such as Android applicationsare typically available on many different markets. Even though multipleapps may visually and functionally appear the same, legitimate apps aresometimes pirated or modified with malicious intent. There is currentlyno automated mechanism to detect and warn users about pirated ormaliciously modified applications.

Consider the following example, a user searching for an app findsglowing reviews for the app on the official Android market, but findsthe app to be extremely expensive. The same app (i.e., an app that hasexactly the same icon and claims to do exactly the same thing as thepaid app) is available for free in an alternative market. Theunsuspecting user downloads the app from the alternative market, butends up installing malware that was repackaged into the free app. In aspecific implementation, the system provides a mechanism to (1) crawlmultiple markets, (2) extract and download app metadata information, (3)download app binaries and (4) use manually supplied metadata to (5)correlate the information available across different markets as well as(6) correlate the apps to previously identified malicious apps in orderto identify malware, pirated apps, phishing attacks and other forms ofattacks on mobile devices (e.g., brand hijacking, or copyrightinfringement).

Referring to FIG. 54, mobile application program marketplaces 5450provide an online application distribution platform for mobile devicesincluding Android, iPhone, and Windows devices. The marketplaces allowusers to browse and download application programs published bythird-party developers. A specific example of a marketplace is theAndroid Market. The Android Market is an online software store developedby Google for Android operating system (OS) devices. FIGS. 55-56 showweb page screen shots of the Android Market including a listing of amobile application program that is available on the Android Market. FIG.55 shows a top portion of the web page. FIG. 56 shows a bottom portionof the web page.

Another specific example of a marketplace is the App Store. The AppStore is the distribution platform, developed and maintained by Apple,for distributing apps that were developed for iOS. As discussed above,other examples of marketplaces for mobile application programs includeBlackberry App World, Nokia Ovi Store, HP App Catalog, and WindowsMarketplace for Mobile. These marketplaces may be referred to asofficial marketplaces because they are maintained and owned by therespective operating system developers.

There are also third-party mobile application program marketplaces suchas the Amazon Appstore, GetJar, Handango, and many others. Thesemarketplaces may be referred to as alternative marketplaces. In somecases, mobile application programs may be available directly from theapplication developers' web sites 5460. Other channels through whichapps may be made available include discussion boards or forums 5455.

Referring now to FIG. 54, collection server 5410 is responsible forcollecting the application objects including the application binariesand application metadata from the various different application sourcesand storing the data in application program and application metadatadatabases 5430 and 5435, respectively. Client device personalitydatabase 5446 stores a set of client device profiles to allow thecollection server or a collector program (e.g., app crawler program) toemulate a particular client device when accessing an application source(e.g., application marketplace). In a specific implementation, thecrawler varies information being sent to the application market (e.g.,User-Agent, Device Model, Country, Language, Device capabilities) todownload different variations of the same app or apps only available tocertain types of devices.

That is, some sources of application programs may restrict or filter theavailable application programs based on factors such as the clientdevice model, manufacturer, make, version, generation, platform oroperating system, geographical location, language setting, client devicecapabilities (e.g., processor), and so forth. The collection server, byselecting or using various client device personalities to contact thesource, allows the system to build a very comprehensive collection ofapplications. This, in turn, helps to provide insightful correlationsand inferences.

In an embodiment, the collection server extracts data from theapplication objects and stores the extracted data in database 5440 foranalysis. Generally, an application program includes an applicationbinary or binary file. A binary file is a computer file which mayinclude any type of data encoded in binary form. A binary file mayrepresent a functional computer program or may be a part of a functionalcomputer program. Binary files are usually thought of as being asequence of bytes. That is, the binary digits (bits) are grouped ineights. Binary files typically contain bytes that are intended to beinterpreted as something other than text characters. Compiled computerprograms are typical examples of binary files and compiled applications(object files) may be referred to as binaries. Binary files may alsoinclude images, sounds, compressed versions of other files, and soforth—in short, any type of file content whatsoever.

A hex editor or viewer may be used to view file data as a sequence ofhexadecimal (or decimal, binary or ASCII character) values forcorresponding bytes of a binary file. If a binary file is opened in atext editor, each group of eight bits will typically be translated as asingle character, and there may be unintelligible display of characters(e.g., “ùqÌ}+

ÉD)7lü5Ü

B×ç′É?éb-ùå

í

%ëLácÛ>çÏÁô{hacek over (S)}tsÄ!Ÿ

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”). If the file is opened in some other application, that applicationwill have its own use for each byte: maybe the application will treateach byte as a number and output a stream of numbers between 0 and255—or maybe interpret the numbers in the bytes as colors and displaythe corresponding picture. If the file is itself treated as anexecutable and run, then the operating system will attempt to interpretthe file as a series of instructions in its machine language. Binaryfiles include embedded control characters that tell the application thatsupport that particular file type, what to display or do.

Application program metadata, as discussed above, may be data about theapplication program rather than the application program itself. Themetadata may be visible to a user accessing the application source suchas through a web browser. Referring to now to FIGS. 55-56, metadata mayinclude, for example, a title of the application, a description of theapplication, a textual description, a graphical description (e.g.,screenshots of the application—jpeg file format, png file format, giffile format), a trailer (e.g., video trailer of the application), termsof use, privacy policy, release notes, date of last update or release,date the application was published on the web site, version information,operating system requirements, one or more categories associated withthe application, a number of times the application has been installed ordownloaded, a size of the application (e.g., in megabytes), rate ofinstallation, price, rating information (e.g., 1 star, 2 star, 3 star, 4star, or 5 star), average rating, content rating (e.g., “high maturity,”“low maturity,” “graphic violence,” “brief nudity,” and so forth),developer, publisher, a listing of other applications from thedeveloper, developer contact information (e.g., email address, web siteaddress, phone number, or mailing address), a listing of otherapplications viewed by users who also viewed the particular application,a listing of other applications installed by users who also installedthe particular application, user reviews (e.g., text of review, date ofreview, reviewer username, or reviewer client device), permissions, anumber of “likes,” a number of “dislikes,” and so forth.

An application program may be capable of executing without theapplication program metadata. For example, the description of theapplication may be deleted and the application may be executed after thedeletion of the description. The description of the application may beedited and the execution of the application program may be the samebefore and after the editing of the description. Deleting or modifyingan application program binary file, however, may alter the execution ofthe application. For example, the application program may not executeproperly after the deletion or modification. There may be an errormessage when trying to execute the application program.

Analysis server 5415 is responsible for correlating the applicationobjects (e.g., application program binaries and metadata), inferringrelationships among the application objects, and making assessmentsbased on the correlations and relationships. Analysis results such asassessments, correlations, or information describing the relationshipmay be stored in results database 5445. Reporting server 5420 acts as aninterface to database 5445 for providing results from the applicationanalysis to clients 5465. Results may be provided programmatically suchas through an application programming interface (API) as discussed inU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/335,779, filed Dec. 22, 2011, whichis incorporated by reference along with all other references cited inthis application. Instead or additionally, results may be providedthrough a graphical user interface (GUI), such as to a dashboard ormanagement console, HTML page, a report (e.g., PDF report), a data feedto a partner, published to a web site, an e-mail, and so forth. A clientmay be a mobile device user or end-user, an app developer, marketplaceowner, or other entity.

FIG. 57 shows a block diagram of modules or components that facilitatethe collection and storage of application objects by collection server5410. Such components may be one or more software programs or codemodules executing on a computing machine. As shown in FIG. 57, there isan application receiver 5705, a query generator 5710, a crawler 5715,and a data extractor 5730.

The application receiver collects and stores application programs,metadata, or both that have been submitted to the system by the clients.For example, a user may upload an application program to the system foran analysis. In a specific implementation, after analyzing theapplication and providing the analysis results, the system continues tomaintain or store the application in application program database 5430(FIG. 54). Continuing to store the application allows the system toreanalyze the application and provide new or changed analysis results,if any, to the user. For example, a reanalysis may be performed if a newor updated virus signature pattern is received.

To help ensure an extensive collection of data, query generator 5710generates, forms, or composes queries in order to discover newapplication programs, application programs that may be related toapplication programs discovered previously, associated applicationmetadata (e.g., application reviews), or combinations of these. Forexample, the query generator can be used to find sources (e.g., websites or marketplaces) where application programs, application metadata,or both may be found. The queries may be submitted or otherwise providedto a search engine or source of applications which returns searchresults. Crawler 5715 crawls the search results to retrieve or downloadthe application and associated metadata. Crawler 5715 may include acontroller 5720 to instruct the crawler to begin or stop crawling, and aclient device emulator 5725.

The crawler may be referred to as a spider, robot, or app-crawler. In aspecific implementation, the crawler, crawls across different markets tosearch and download apps for mobile devices. These markets may includeofficial application markets (e.g., Android Market, or Apple App Store),alternative app markets (e.g., Amazon Appstore for Android), forums,download sites, or combinations of these. The app crawler can gathermetadata information for each app from each market and store it in adatabase. The metadata information may include information related tothe app's ratings, price, number of ratings, user comments, app's iconon the market page (which could be different from the app icon on thedevice), and so forth.

In a specific implementation, the crawler uses a feedback loop wheremetadata from a search result feeds subsequent or additional searches.That is, initial results can determine future queries. FIG. 58 shows aflow 5805 for a feedback loop. In a step 5810, query generator 5710(FIG. 57) generates search terms which are used to compose a searchquery (step 5815). In a specific implementation, a technique to helpensure comprehensive search term coverage and enumerate or discover appmarketplaces includes obtaining a ranked list of words (e.g., top ormost frequently used 50,000 words in the English language), and creatinga search query for each word, combinations of words, or both.

A search query may be a structured query that includes Booleanoperators, parentheses, or both. Some examples of Boolean operatorsinclude OR, AND, and NOT. A search query may be a faceted query having aconjunction of topics or facets. For example, a query such as “(flightOR airline) AND (travel OR fare OR compare OR ticket)” may find appsabout purchasing airline tickets even if the app descriptions omit oneof the words “travel,” “fare,” “compare,” or “ticket.” A query mayinclude a wildcard symbol (e.g., “*,” “%,” or “?”), proximity operatorsuch as NEAR, NOT NEAR, FOLLOWED BY, NOT FOLLOWED BY, SENTENCE,PARAGRAPH, FAR, or combinations of these. For example, the query syntax“keyword 1 NEAR/n keyword2”, where “n” is a number, may specify that amaximum number of words between “keyword1” and “keyword2” is to be “n.”There can be particular field searches, term modifiers, word stemming,wildcard searches, fuzzy searches, range searches, term boosting, fieldgrouping, and the like.

In a step 5820, the search query is submitted or provided to a searchengine. For example, the search query may be submitted to a source ofapplication programs (e.g., an app marketplace). In a step 5825, theapplication collector program receives a search result responsive to thequery. The search result may identify an application program, a sourceof application programs, or both. For example, the returned searchresult may list several applications (e.g., by application title)responsive to the query. The returned search result may include one ormore sources of application programs such as a list of web sites oraddresses (e.g., universal resource locators (URLs)) that hostapplication programs (e.g., application marketplaces, developer websites), provide a forum for discussing application programs, containapplication program reviews and evaluations, and so forth for crawler5715 (FIG. 57) to crawl. In a specific implementation, the crawlercrawls search results from a search engine that has an indexed set ofdata rather than enumerating or following the links on a web page. Inanother specific implementation, the crawler may follow the links on theweb page. For example, a web page having a review of an application mayinclude a link to other reviews of the application. The crawler mayfollow or access the link to download the other reviews of theapplication so that the system can perform a comprehensive analysis ofthe application.

In a step 5830, the crawler retrieves, gets, obtains, fetches, ordownloads and stores an application program, associated metadata, orboth from the source. Data may be extracted from the downloadedapplication objects and stored in a database. In a specificimplementation, each application is uniquely identified using a packagename or some other mechanism such as a hash of the application contents.

In this specific implementation, the metadata information related toeach application is stored against the unique application identifier aswell the name of the application source or market from where it wasobtained. The app crawler downloads each application from each of thedifferent markets, stores the application, and extracts informationembedded within the application itself, such as Package Name, DeclaredApp Permissions (Entitlements), the application icon, applicationsigning certificate, and so forth, and stores all the information in adatabase. The metadata extracted from the application may be storedagainst the same unique application identifier that was used to storethe metadata information. The application binary itself may be storedsuch that each binary can be uniquely identified to the specific marketfrom where it was downloaded.

Table H below shows an example of an entry or record in a database tablestoring an application binary, data extracted from the applicationbinary, and application metadata.

TABLE H Id Title App Binary Package Name Permissions Icon Developer 01Angry appA.bin com.boogle.angry location, camera launchA.png Boogle 02Dig appB.bin com.boogle.dig contacts launchB.png Boogle 03 InvaderappC.bin com.etari.invader calendar, SMS C.png Etari launch

As shown in the example above, Table H includes the fields “Id,”“Title,” “App Binary,” “Package Name,” “Permissions,” “Icon,” and“Developer.” The “Id” field stores an identifier for the application(e.g., “01”). In a specific implementation, the identifier is a hash ofthe application contents. The application may be provided as input to ahash function which returns hash value or code so that the applicationcan be identified. Instead or additionally, an application may beidentified by its package name. The “Title” field stores the title orname of the application as displayed at the source (e.g., marketplace)for users to browse and see. The “App Binary” field stores the binaryfile of the application.

The “Package Name” field stores the package name of the application(e.g., “com.boogle.angry,” “com.boogle.dig,” and “com.etari.invader”),as declared inside the package file. For example, an Android applicationpackage file (APK) is the file format used to distribute and installmobile application software onto devices having Google's Androidoperating system. To make an APK file, a program for Android is firstcompiled, and then all of its parts are packaged into one file. Thisholds all of that program's code such as .dex files, resources, assets,certificates, and manifest file.

The “Permissions” field identifies the features of the client devicethat the application program can access. For example, the application“Angry” includes the permissions “location” and “camera.” The “location”permission allows the application to access the client device'sgeographical location information such as global positioning system(GPS) coordinates, cell-id, or Wi-Fi location. The “camera” permissionallows the application to access the client device camera. Theapplication “Dig” includes the permission “contacts.” With the“contacts” permission, the application can access the contacts list onthe client device (e.g., telephone directory).

The application “Invader” includes the permissions “calendar” and “SMS.”The “calendar” permission allows the application to access calendarappointments saved on the client device. The “SMS” permission allows theapplication to send text messages from the client device. The AndroidDevelopers Reference for Android 4.0 r1, Feb. 1, 2012, available at<http://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html>,which is incorporated by reference, includes an extensive list ofpermissions or features that an application may access. The system cananalyze the application, identify the permissions or features than theapplication can access, and store a list of the permissions.

The “Icon” field stores the launcher icon to the application. Thelauncher icon is a graphic that represents the application. The Launchericon is the graphic or image that is displayed on the home screen orelectronic display of the client device. The “Developer” field storesthe name of the application developer (e.g., “Boogle” and “Etari”).

The database may include extracted data, i.e., data that is extractedfrom the application program or binary. For example, mobile applicationprograms for the Android platform include a file called a manifest. Themanifest file is an XML file that includes, among other things, thepermissions or client device features that the application can access.These permissions may be specified within a permissions tag or elementin the manifest file. In a specific implementation, the crawler programis configured to parse an application program file, locate a specificelement within the file, extract the values or attributes listed withinthe specific element, and store the extracted values in the database. Ina specific implementation, the parsed application file is an Androidmanifest file, the specific element is the permissions element, and theextracted values are permissions. It should be appreciated, however,that the crawler program can parse any file or directory of theapplication program to extract and store the desired data.

It should be appreciated that Table H above is merely one example of howdata may be stored. Data may be stored in any number of ways that may ormay not include storing in a database field.

In a step 5835, the crawler program parses the metadata for keywords toform search terms for another query. The flow loops back to step 5820 sothat the other query can be submitted. This feedback loop helps todiscover new application programs, new application metadata, newapplication sources, or combinations of these. The feedback loop ofmetadata acquired by a set of search terms can be used to feedadditional searches that yield more data.

More particularly, extracted metadata can be used to generate searchterms so that the process of searching and downloading applicationobjects can be continuously repeated. Each search iteration may yieldnew applications that can be collected in order to build a comprehensivedatabase of applications. The extracted data may include words, phrases,numbers, characters, symbols, images, video, graphics, pictures, orcombinations of these. The extracted data (e.g., words) may be added toa word list that is stored at the system. The word list may include someinitial seed words used to initialize the searching (i.e., words notfrom extracted application metadata), words from extracted applicationmetadata, or both. Composing a search query (step 5815) may includeselecting words from the word list, where at least one of the words wasextracted from application metadata. In a specific implementation, atechnique for building a word list includes extracting words fromapplication metadata such as a name of a developer who was not in theword list. The developer name is added to the word list so that newsearch queries having the developer's name can be generated to discovernew applications from the developer.

In a specific implementation, a method for finding and collectingapplication programs includes retrieving a first application program andfirst metadata associated with the first application program from asource of application programs, storing the first application programand first metadata, parsing the first metadata to identify at least onekeyword in the first metadata, submitting to the source of applicationprograms a first query including a search term based on the at least onekeyword in the first metadata, receiving a first search resultresponsive to the first query. The first search result may identify asecond application program related to the first application program. Themethod may further include retrieving the second application program,second metadata associated with the second application program, or bothfrom the source of application programs.

In another specific implementation, a first query provided to a searchengine includes a first search term. A first search result received fromthe search engine responsive to the first query identifies a firstsource for application programs. The crawler program accesses the firstsource and downloads from the first source a first application object.The first application object is parsed to identify keywords for a secondsearch term. A second query is composed with the second search term andprovided to the search engine. A second search result received from thesearch engine responsive to the second query identifies a second sourcefor application programs. The crawler program access the second sourceand downloads from the second source a second application object.

The first source may be different from the second source. For example,the first source may be the Android Marketplace and the second sourcemay be the Amazon Appstore. In this example, both sources are of thesame type. That is, both sources are application marketplaces.Alternatively, the sources may be of different types. For example, thefirst source may be an application marketplace. The second source may bean Internet or online forum.

A search term may include one or more identified keywords in the firstapplication object. For example, the first application object mayinclude a first application program and first metadata specifying a nameof a developer of the first application program. A search term mayinclude the name of the developer so that other application programsfrom the developer can be found.

Instead or additionally, a search term may include a derivation of theone or more identified keywords. A search term may be generated using,for example, query broadening, stemming, conflation, lookup algorithms,suffix-stripping algorithms, lemmatization, stochastic algorithms,n-gram analysis, affix stripping, matching algorithms, multilingualstemming, morphology analysis, or combinations of these.

As a specific example, the first metadata may specify a title of thefirst application program. The second search term may include avariation of the title so that counterfeit, knockoff, or similarversions of the first application program may be found. For example, themobile application program “Angry Birds” developed by Rovio Mobile hasbecome very successful. Other developers, wishing to capitalize on thebrand, may develop applications with similar titles (e.g., Angry Dogs,Angry Cats, Angry Fish, and so forth). There may be an intent to deceiveconsumers into thinking that they are purchasing a legitimateapplication or an application developed by the same developers as AngryBirds when, in fact, these applications are not legitimate (e.g.,include malware or are unauthorized reproductions or derivations). Itwould be desirable to find these other mobile application programs sothat these applications can be removed from the marketplace and usersare not duped into downloading the applications. Thus, a search termbased on the keyword title “Angry Birds” may include the terms “AngryDogs,” “Angry Cats,” “Angry Fish,” and so forth.

In another specific implementation, indexing techniques may be used togenerate search terms. For example, crawler may index the description ofan application program, calculate a frequency at which a word or phraseappears in the description, and compose a search query by selectingthose words or phrases having a high frequency. Articles such as “a,”“an,” and “the” may be ignored during the indexing.

Indexing may be performed across multiple applications (or multipledescriptions of applications). In another specific implementation, atechnique for collecting and discovering new applications includescomparing first metadata describing a first application program withsecond metadata describing a second application program to identify akeyword that is in the first and second metadata. A query is formedbased on the keyword that is in the first and second metadata. The queryis provided (e.g., transmitted or sent) to a search engine. The searchengine returns a result responsive to the query. The search resultidentifies a new source for application programs. The crawler programaccesses the new source to retrieve application programs, applicationmetadata, or both.

Table I below shows an example of a forward index that may be created bythe crawler program.

TABLE I Id Words 01 angry, birds, eggs, pigs, castle 02 dig, dug,underground, monsters, tunnel 03 space, invader, aliens, laser, shoot

The above index may be created by extracting keywords from eachapplication description. Search terms and queries can be generated byselecting the various index words.

FIG. 59 shows a flow 5905 for emulating a client device when accessingan application source. As discussed above, an application source mayfilter the available applications based on the client device that isrequesting the applications. For example, some mobile applications mayhave operating system version requirements (e.g., Android version 2.1 orhigher). If an application source detects that the requesting client hasan incompatible operating system version (e.g., an earlier operatingsystem version) the application source may filter the application sothat the client does not download the application. As another example,an application source may filter the available applications based onuser age. Application programs having a “mature” rating may be blockedfor users under age 18.

Emulating various client devices allows the crawler program to obtaingood data coverage of the target data source. That is, to download fromthe source an exhaustive set of application programs so that acomprehensive database of application programs can be created forinsightful correlations and inferences.

In brief, in a step 5910, the crawler selects from client devicepersonality database 5446 (FIG. 54) a client personality profile. In astep 5915, the client personality profile is provided to a source suchas a source of mobile application programs. In a step 5920, the crawlerreceives from the source a listing of applications intended for clientdevices having the selected client personality profile. In a step 5925,the crawler retrieves from the source the application objects, e.g.,application programs, associated metadata, or both that the source makesavailable to client devices having the selected client personalityprofile. The process may loop back to step 5910 to select a differentclient personality profile so that applications intended for thedifferent client personality profile can be retrieved from the source.

Table J below shows some attributes of a client personality profile. Aclient personality profile may include a subset of attributes in anycombination.

TABLE J Attribute Description User Indicates user properties such as theuser's age, date of birth, or year of birth. Model Identifies therequesting device as being of a particular make or model (e.g., iPhone,iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPad, iPad 2, HTC Desire,HTC Desire HD, HTC Desire S, Samsung Galaxy Nexus, or Samsung Galaxy S).Country Identifies the requesting device as being from a particulargeographical region or country (e.g., U.S., Canada, France, Germany,Spain, North America, South America, or Europe). Language Identifies therequesting device as having a particular language setting (e.g.,English, French, German, or Italian). Capabilities Identifies therequesting device as having particular capabilities, specifications, orfeatures such as screen size, resolution, processor speed, memory,supported communication or network protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, orANT), global positioning system (GPS) capabilities, voice recognition,camera, video, and so forth. Platform Identifies the requesting deviceas having a particular platform or operating system (e.g., iOS 1.0, iOS3.1.3, iOS 5.0, Windows Mobile 6.1, webOS 2.2, Windows Phone 7, Android2.3, or Symbian 9.3). Manufacturer Identifies the requesting device asbeing from a particular manufacturer (e.g., Apple, HTC, or Samsung).Carrier Identifies the requesting device as using a particular networkcarrier (e.g., AT&T, T-Mobile, or Verizon).

Emulating a client device by providing the source with a particularclient personality profile may be performed by, for example, insertingemulation data into an API request, causing the source of datatransmitted to the source to appear from a particular client personality(for example, from an IP address on a particular network or particularcountry), transmitting emulation data to the source (for example, aspart of a signup, configuration, or other information gatheringprocess), or inserting emulation data in the user-agent field of an HTTPrequest.

In a specific implementation, a method for helping to ensure acomprehensive collection of application programs includes providing to asource, a first client personality indicating that a client devicehaving the first client personality is requesting application objects,receiving from the source a first listing of application objects thatthe first source makes available to client devices having the firstclient personality. The method further includes providing to the sourcea second client personality, different from the first clientpersonality. The second client personality indicates that a clientdevice having the second client personality is requesting theapplication objects. The method further includes receiving from thesource a second listing of application objects that the source makesavailable to client devices having the second client personality. Thesecond listing may include a second application object and may notinclude the first application object. The first listing may include thefirst application object and may not include the second applicationobject.

In various specific implementations, the first personality specifies theclient is of a first model, and the second personality specifies theclient is of a second model, different from the first model. The firstpersonality specifies the client is located in a first country, and thesecond personality specifies the client is located in a second country,different from the first country. The first personality specifies theclient has a first set of capabilities, and the second personalityspecifies the client has a second set of capabilities, different fromthe first set of capabilities. The first personality specifies theclient is from a first manufacturer, and the second client personalityspecifies the client is from a second manufacturer, different from thefirst manufacturer. The first personality specifies the client includesa first operating system, and the second personality specifies theclient includes a second operating system, different from the firstoperating system. The first personality specifies the client is on afirst carrier network, and the second personality specifies the clientis on a second carrier network, different from the first carriernetwork.

The system can use multiple personalities to retrieve applicationmetadata and binaries. The same query can be used across multiplepersonalities (e.g., top apps served to this personality).Alternatively, queries can be custom to each personality (e.g., If apersonality is a language, then using language-specific search terms).

FIG. 60 shows a flow 6005 for crawling a target application source. Theflow shows a specific implementation of an overlap crawling techniquethat may be used to help ensure a comprehensive collection ofapplication objects. More particularly, an application source (e.g., aweb site or application marketplace) may exhibit inconsistencies due toissues such as coherency. The same query run on two different nodes in acluster may produce two different result sets. The overlap crawlingtechnique shown in FIG. 60 and discussed below can help to addresscoherency issues.

In a step 6010, the crawler program accesses a source of applications(e.g., visits a URL of a mobile application marketplace). In a step6015, the crawler requests from the source a date-ordered listing ofapplications available at the source. In a specific implementation, thedate-ordered listing is a reverse-chronologically ordered listing of theapplications. The listing includes applications sorted by date ofpublication or release. In the listing, recently published applicationsare positioned above or before less recently published applications.Table K below shows an example of a date-ordered listing inreverse-chronological order.

TABLE K Application Title Publication Date Angry Oct. 7, 2009 Dig Sep.30, 2009 Invader Aug. 17, 2009 Donkey Aug. 10, 2009

As seen in Table K, the most recently published or newest application is“Angry,” followed by “Dig,” followed by “Invader,” and so forth. In thisreverse-chronologically ordered or sorted listing, the entry for “Angry”is at a top of the list because it has the most recent publication date.The entry for “Donkey” is at a bottom of the list because it has theearliest publication date. The entry for “Angry” is adjacent or next tothe entry for “Dig.” The entry for “Angry” is positioned or locatedabove the entry for “Dig.”

In another specific implementation, the date-ordered listing is achronologically ordered listing of the applications. In this specificimplementation, in the listing earlier published applications are in aposition or order above or before recently published applications. TableL below shows an example of a date-ordered listing in chronologicalorder.

TABLE L Application Title Publication Date Donkey Aug. 10, 2009 InvaderAug. 17, 2009 Dig Sep. 30, 2009 Angry Oct. 7, 2009

As seen in Table L, the earliest published or oldest application is“Donkey,” follows by “Invader,” followed by “Dig,” and so forth. In thischronologically ordered listing, the entry for “Donkey” is at the top ofthe list because it has the earliest publication date. The entry for“Angry” is at the bottom of the list because it has the most recentpublication date. In another specific implementation, the applicationsource may not provide a date-ordered listing of applications. In thisspecific implementation, the crawler program itself may perform thesorting.

In a step 6020, the crawler examines an entry in the listing todetermine whether an application corresponding to the entry has beenpreviously retrieved such as on a previous or prior visit to the source.In a specific implementation, examining the entry includes comparing atitle of the application in the listing with a stored title in datarepository 5425 (FIG. 54). If there is a match a determination may bemade that the application has been retrieved on a previous occasion. Ifthere is not a match a determination may be made that the applicationhas yet to be retrieved.

Instead or additionally, version information, publication date, or bothof the application in the listing may be compared with the respectivestored version information, publication date, or both of an applicationstored in the data repository of the system. Comparing versions,publication dates, or both helps to ensure that the latest version of anapplication is (or has been) retrieved. For example, two applicationsmay share the same title (e.g., “Angry”) but one application may be alater version (e.g., version 2.0) of the other application (e.g.,version 1.0). So, comparing version information can help to ensure thatthe application “Angry” version 2.0 is retrieved from the source.

In a specific implementation, an entry is examined without retrievingthe corresponding application from the source. This helps to conservecomputing resources such as network bandwidth and processing resourcesincluding the processing resources of the application source server.

In another specific implementation, examining an entry in the listing todetermine whether an application corresponding to the entry has beenretrieved previously includes downloading the corresponding application.Downloading the corresponding application and comparing the downloadedapplication to the stored applications in the data repository can helpto provide confirmation that the application program (i.e., the sameapplication program) has in fact been (or not been) retrievedpreviously.

For example, there may be errors (e.g., typographical errors) in theapplication version information. That is, an application having versionmetadata that indicates the application is version 1.0 may be incorrectand the application version may in fact be version 2.0. Retrieving andcomparing the application binary with previously stored applicationbinaries helps to protect against such errors.

In a specific implementation, the comparison includes hashing thedownloaded application contents and comparing the hash value with hashvalues of the stored applications. If the hash values match adetermination may be made that the application has been previouslyretrieved. If the hash values do not match a determination may be madethat the application has not been previously retrieved. Applicationprogram comparisons may include comparing application binaries,application hash identifier values, application metadata (e.g.,application title, or application version), or combinations of these.

In a step 6025, based on the examination of the entry (step 6020) if thecorresponding application has been previously retrieved the crawlerprogram updates an overlap counter variable. The overlap countervariable tracks a number of occurrences where an application foundduring a current crawl is the same application from a previous crawl ofthe application source.

In a step 6030, the crawler program compares the updated overlap countervariable with a threshold overlap value to determine whether a remainingentry, next to the entry, in the listing should be examined. Based onthe comparison, a determination may be made that all applications at thesource have been previously retrieved and remaining entries may not beexamined (step 6035). Alternatively, based on the comparison, adetermination may be made that there may be applications at the sourcethat have not been previously retrieved and a remaining, next, oradjacent entry may be examined (step 6040). As shown by loop 6045, theprocess iterates or repeats until, based on the comparison of theupdated overlap counter variable and the threshold overlap value, adetermination is made that all application programs at the source havebeen previously retrieved (step 6035).

The overlap threshold value can be a user-configurable oruser-adjustable value. For example, an administrator may change, alter,edit, or modify the threshold value from a first value to a secondvalue, different from the first value. The threshold value may be thesame for two or more different application sources. Alternatively, thethreshold value may be different for two or more different applicationsources. For example, a first application marketplace known to have morecoherency issues than a second application marketplace may be assigned athreshold value that is greater than a threshold value assigned to thesecond application marketplace. Alternatively, a first applicationmarketplace known to have fewer coherency issues than a secondapplication marketplace may be assigned a threshold value that is lessthan a threshold value assigned to the second application marketplace. Athreshold value can be specific to a particular application source.

In a specific implementation, updating the overlap counter variable(step 6025) includes incrementing the overlap counter variable (e.g.,adding “1” to the overlap counter variable). As an example, considerTable L above. In a first iteration, the entry for the application“Angry” is examined to determine whether the application has beenpreviously retrieved (step 6020). Assuming that the application has beenpreviously retrieved, in this specific implementation, updating theoverlap counter variable (step 6025) includes incrementing the overlapcounter variable. So, for example, an increment value (e.g., “1”) may beadded to the overlap counter variable so that the value of the variableis “1.”

The updated overlap counter variable (e.g., “1”) is compared to thethreshold overlap value to determine whether a remaining entry, next tothe entry, in the listing should be examined (step 6030). In a specificimplementation, if the overlap counter variable is less than the overlapthreshold the next entry is examined. For example, if the overlapthreshold value is set at “2,” a next entry in the listing would beexamined because the value of the updated overlap counter variable(e.g., “1”) is less than the overlap threshold value (e.g., “2”).

Thus, in a second iteration, a next entry for the application “Dig” isexamined to determine whether the application has been previouslyretrieved (step 6020). Assuming that the application has been previouslyretrieved, in this specific implementation, the overlap counter variableis incremented so that the current or new value is “2,” (i.e., “1+1=2”).In step 6030, the updated overlap counter variable (now having a value“2”) is compared to the threshold overlap value (e.g., “2”) to determinewhether a next remaining entry in the listing should be examined. In aspecific implementation, if the overlap counter variable is greater thanor equal to the overlap threshold, a determination is made that allapplication programs at the source have been previously retrieved andremaining entries are not examined (step 6035).

In the example above, the remaining entries (e.g., “Invader,” and“Donkey”) would not be examined because the updated overlap countervariable is greater than or equal to the overlap threshold (e.g.,“2”=“2”).

In another specific implementation, updating the overlap countervariable (step 6025) includes decrementing the variable (e.g.,subtracting “1” from the variable). In this specific implementation, theoverlap counter variable may be initialized with a user-configurablepredetermined value (e.g., “2”). As an example, consider again Table Labove. In a first iteration, the entry for the application “Angry” isexamined to determine whether the application has been previouslyretrieved. Assuming that the application has been previously retrieved,in this specific implementation, updating the overlap counter variableincludes decrementing the variable. So, for example, a decrement value(e.g., “1”) may be subtracted from the overlap counter variable so thatthe value of the variable is now “1” (e.g., “2−1=1”).

The updated overlap counter variable (e.g., “1”) is compared to athreshold overlap value, e.g., “0” or zero, to determine whether a nextremaining entry, next to the entry, in the listing should be examined.In a specific implementation, if the overlap counter variable is greaterthan the overlap threshold the next remaining entry is examined. In thisexample, the next remaining entry is examined because the updatedoverlap counter variable is greater than the threshold overlap value(e.g., updated overlap counter variable (“1”)>threshold overlap value(“0”) evaluates to “true.”)

Thus, in a second iteration, a next entry for the application “Dig” isexamined to determine whether the application has been previouslyretrieved from the source. Assuming that the application has beenpreviously retrieved, in this specific implementation, the overlapcounter variable is decremented so that the current or new value is “0,”(i.e., “1−1=0”). The updated overlap counter variable (now having avalue of “0”) is compared to the threshold overlap value (e.g., “0” orzero) to determine whether a next remaining entry in the listing shouldbe examined. As discussed, in this specific implementation, if theoverlap counter variable is greater than the overlap threshold the nextremaining entry is examined—the determination being that there may beapplications at the source that have not been previously retrieved. Ifthe overlap counter variable is less than or equal to the overlapthreshold the remaining entries are not examined—the determination beingthat all applications at the source have been previously retrieved.

In the example above, the remaining entries (e.g., “Invader,” and“Donkey”) would not be examined because the updated overlap countervariable is less than or equal to the overlap threshold (e.g., “0”=“0”).

The crawler may be run at any desired frequency or interval. In aspecific implementation, in order to have a low latency, the crawler isrun or executed at a high frequency. This helps to ensure that the appdata set including apps and app metadata is up-to-date. As an example,the crawler may be run at 5, 10, 30, or 60 minute intervals. The crawlermay be run daily or weekly. Some web sites may be crawled morefrequently than other web sites. For example, an app marketplace thatoften publishes new applications may be crawled more frequently thanother app marketplaces that publish new applications less often or lessfrequently. An app marketplace that is more popular than another appmarketplace may be crawled more frequently than other app marketplacesthat are less popular. Although FIG. 55 shows a single crawler, itshould be appreciated that there can be multiple crawlers, e.g., two ormore crawlers.

In a specific implementation, a crawler downloads from an applicationsource an application program and associated application metadata. Forexample, the source may be an app marketplace web site that includesboth the application program and the application metadata. In anotherspecific implementation, the crawler, on a current crawl of the source,downloads the application program, but does not download the applicationmetadata. For example, the application metadata may have already beendownloaded on a previous crawl of the web site.

The crawler, on a current crawl of the source, may download a portion ofthe application metadata and not download another portion of theapplication metadata. For example, the downloaded portion of theapplication metadata on the current crawl may include some new userreviews that were not downloaded on a previous crawl. In anotherspecific implementation, a crawler, on a current crawl, downloads theapplication metadata, but does not download the application program. Forexample, the application program may have been previously submitted tothe system by a user.

The crawler may download the application program and applicationmetadata from the same source. Alternatively, the crawler may downloadthe application program and application metadata from different sources.A crawler may download from a first web site an application program andfirst application metadata associated with the first applicationprogram. The crawler may download from a second web site, different fromthe first web site, second application metadata that is associated withthe first application program. For example, the first web site may be anapp marketplace having both the application program and the firstapplication metadata. The second web site may be a forum having adiscussion thread discussing the application program. The crawler candownload the discussion thread, the discussion thread being the secondapplication metadata.

Collecting data from multiple places allows the system to develop aholistic and comprehensive analysis. Thus, depending upon the situationor source encountered by the crawler, the crawler may download theapplication program and not download the application metadata, downloadthe application metadata and not download the application program,download the application program before or after downloading theapplication metadata, or download the application metadata before orafter downloading the application program. The crawler may download theapplication program and application metadata from different applicationsources.

In a specific implementation, the crawler downloads from a source firstand second application programs even if application metadata indicatesthat the first and second application programs are the same. Forexample, the first and second application programs may have the sametitle (e.g., “Angry Birds”) thus indicating that the first and secondapplication programs are the same. However, one of the applicationprograms may be illegitimate (e.g., a knock-off) of the otherapplication program. So, the crawler may download both applicationprograms and analyze both application programs to identify anydifferences or identify the legitimate (or illegitimate) applicationprogram. Further discussion of application analysis is provided below.

FIG. 61 shows a simplified block diagram for analysis server 5415. Asshown in FIG. 61, the analysis server can include a correlation andcomparison engine 6110, and an inference engine 6115.

The correlation and comparison engine is responsible for correlating andcomparing two or more application programs (e.g., application binaries),two or more associated application metadata, or both. The two or moreapplication programs may be from a same source of application programs.For example, the two or more application programs may be from the sameapplication marketplace (e.g., Google Android Market). The two or moreapplication programs may be from different application sources. Forexample, one of the application programs may be from the Google AndroidMarketplace. The other application program may be from the AmazonAppStore. Likewise, the two or more associated application metadata mayeach be from a same or different source.

The inference engine is responsible for analysis and drawing aninference based on the correlations and comparisons. For example,although two applications may appear to be the same to a user browsingan application marketplace, the two applications may actually bedifferent. For example, an application binary of a first applicationprogram may be different from an application binary of a secondapplication program. Hash values of the application binaries may bedifferent. Signing certificates, application fingerprints, signing keys,package names, entitlements, permissions, media assets, ad network, adnetwork account identifiers, digital rights management (DRM) protection,publisher names, or combinations of these may be different between thetwo or more applications.

The inference engine can make an assessment, determination, or inferencethat one application is a counterfeit of the other application or thatone application is illegitimate and the other application is legitimate.For example, one application may be a repackaged version of the otherapplication. The repackaged application may include malware or otherundesirable code.

More particularly, based on the metadata and binary information from thedifferent markets, the system correlates information related to eachapplication across different markets. Different correlation criteria maybe used to determine if two applications are the same, or related.

The input used to correlate applications may include:

1) Data present in the application binaries (e.g., unique sequence ofbits, either all consecutive or dispersed across different parts of anapplication; strings present in the application).

2) Code similarity between application binaries (e.g., based on name,structure [e.g. graph structure]).

3) The application binary containing the same or similar media assets(e.g., pictures, videos, sounds).

4) Identifiers in the application binary or metadata (e.g., packagename, fingerprint of code-signing certificate, public key used to signthe app, requested entitlements/permissions).

5) Market metadata (e.g., developer name/account, icon/images,description, title, one application having replaced another applicationin a market).

6) Statistical properties extracted from the application binary,application metadata, market metadata, or a combination of these.

7) Extracted features that sufficiently characterize the uniqueproperties of an application (may be any of the above).

The goal of correlation may be to determine:

1) That two applications are the same except for insignificantdifferences.

2) That two applications are the same except for packaging with DRMprotection.

3) That one application is designed to upgrade a previous application.

4) That one application is a pirated version of another application.

5) That a third party has repackaged one application with tamperedcontents into another application.

6) That one application is produced by the same author as a maliciousapplication.

7) That one application contains malicious code (that is also containedin another application).

Consider, for example, the following scenario for identifying malware.An application with the package name “com.trustme.honestapp” contains aspecific bit sequence that is known to be present in previouslyidentified malicious application. The system therefore flags such anapplication as malicious.

Consider, as another example, the following scenario for identifying apirated/repackaged app. An application with a package name“com.most.famous.app” is available for a price in the official market,but it's available for free in an alternative market. However, theapplication is packaged with an add-on Ad SDK in the alternative market,and signed with a different code-signing certificate. In this case,based on the metadata related to price, as well as the discrepancybetween package name and code-signing certificate, the system infersthat the application has been pirated and repackaged with an Ad SDK.

FIG. 62 shows an overall flow 6205 for determining whether oneapplication is a counterfeit of another application. In brief, in a step6210, the analysis server compares first metadata associated with ordescribing a first application program with second metadata associatedwith or describing a second application program. As discussed above, theapplication metadata may include, for example, an application title,description, or developer name. The comparison may include measuring adegree of similarity between the first and second application metadata.If the degree of similarity is within a threshold degree of similarity,in a step 6215, the analysis server compares the first and secondapplication programs to identify any differences. In a step 6220, atleast one difference may be identified. In a step 6225, based on theidentified at least one difference and the degree of similarity beingwithin the threshold degree of similarity, a determination is made thatone of the first or second application programs is a counterfeit of theother first or second application programs.

This technique can be used to identify pirated or maliciously modifiedapplication programs. In some cases, a rogue or unscrupulous developermay take an application developed by another and modify the application.The unscrupulous developer may intend that the modified application lookthe same as the original application so that users are lead to believethat the modified application is the same as the original application,is from the same developer as the original application, or both. Forexample, the modified application may have the same title as theoriginal application.

The modified application program, however, may in fact be different fromthe original application program. For example, the modified applicationmay include an ad network that is different from the ad network of theoriginal application. The modified application may include an ad networkthat had not been included in the original application.

An ad network (also referred to as an advertising network) is a companythat connects advertisers to web sites that want to host advertisements.An application developer may host or use an ad network with theapplication program. This allows the application developer to receivepayment through the placement of advertisements in the applicationprogram. Typically, the ad network issues an account identifier to thedeveloper which the developer can insert into the application. Theaccount identifier allows the ad network to identify the developer whoshould receive payment when, for example, a user clicks on, views, oraccesses an advertisement that is displayed with the applicationprogram. The rogue developer may modify the original application byreplacing the account identifier with an account identifier associatedwith the rogue developer. The result is that advertising payments thatshould be paid to the original application developer are instead paid tothe rogue developer.

As another example, the modified application may include malware,undesirable code, or otherwise cause undesirable behavior (e.g., sendingtext messages without user consent, deleting phone directory, copyingsensitive information stored on the mobile device, and so forth). Themodified application can be like a Trojan Horse—something that ispresented as useful or harmless to induce the user to install and runthe application. Running such a maliciously modified application canhave many undesirable effects. The original developer may be deprived ofpayment from the would-be user or purchaser of the application, theoriginal developer may be deprived of advertising revenue, sensitiveinformation that the user may store on the mobile device may be stolen,the goodwill and reputation of the original developer may suffer—just toname a few examples. Systems and techniques as described in this patentapplication can reduce or prevent such disasters from occurring.

More particularly, in a specific implementation, in step 6210, thesystem measures a degree of similarity between the first and secondapplication metadata. For example, a Levenshtein distance or editdistance may be used to measure the amount of difference between thefirst and second metadata (e.g., the amount of difference between theapplication titles or descriptions). The Levenshtein distance betweentwo strings is defined as the minimum number of edits needed totransform one string into the other, with the allowable edit operationsbeing insertion, deletion, or substitution of a single character. ALevenshtein distance is merely one example of a distance metric. Otherdistance metrics may instead or additionally be used (e.g., longestcommon subsequence, Damerau-Levenshtein distance, Hamming distance, orothers).

Similarity may be based on text (e.g., two applications having the sameor similar application titles), images (e.g., two applications havingthe same or similar icons), video, sound, audio data, or combinations ofthese. The system may use any competent image or media asset comparisontechnique to compare an image (e.g., icon) associated with oneapplication program with an image associated with another applicationprogram. For example, image comparisons may be based on pixel position,color, image size, edge and boundary detection, and others. Somespecific examples of image comparison techniques include HausdorffDistance, histograms (e.g., joint histograms, color histograms),keypoint matching, and Scale-invariant feature transform (or SIFTkeypoints). Acoustic fingerprinting may be used to compare applicationsounds. Video fingerprinting may be used to compare video.

In step 6215, if the degree of similarity is within a threshold degreeof similarity, the system compares the first application program withthe second application program to identify any differences between thefirst and second application programs. The threshold degree ofsimilarity may be configurable such as by an administrator. As anexample, the system may scan the application repository and identifyapplications that have a high degree of similarity between theapplication metadata. In other words, the applications have a low degreeof difference between the application metadata. For example, the twoapplications may have the same title such as “Angry Birds.”

An administrator may configure the threshold degree of similarity (e.g.,adjust the edit distance threshold value) so that similar applicationtitles or descriptions (though not identical) are identified. Forexample, based on the threshold degree of similarity, the system mayidentify a first application program having the title “Angry Birds.” Thesystem may identify a second application program having the title “AngryDogs.” An application program from a different developer having asimilar, though not identical title, as another application program mayindicate that the developer is attempting to improperly capitalize onthe goodwill and reputation of the original developer.

Upon identifying two or more applications programs that may appear tousers to be the same or be from the same developer, the system comparesthe application programs (e.g., compares the application programbinaries) to identify any differences. As discussed above, a comparisoncan include a sequence of bits, strings present in the application,using a code similarity algorithm, using code similarity based on name,structure, or graph structure, media assets, package name, fingerprintof code-signing certificate, public key used to sign the application,requested application entitlements, requested application permissions,statistical properties extracted from the application binary, otherapplication properties, or combinations of these. For example, a codesimilarity algorithm that fingerprints each component in an application(e.g. Java class, Objective-C framework, shared library) can be used todetermine what types code is shared between two applications, and whatcode is unique. Such a code similarity algorithm may examine thestructure of a given component (for example, the exposed API, thecontrol flow or instruction contents of the component's implementation,linkage to other components, or other aspects of the component) tocreate a fingerprint that uniquely identifies that component asdifferent from other components.

In step 6220, at least one difference may be identified between thefirst and second application programs. The at least one difference mayinclude the first and second mobile application programs havingdifferent package names. For the Android platform, the package name maybe used to identify the application. The package name may be unique onthe Android Market such that there may not be two or more applicationprograms with the same package name on the Android Marketplace.

The at least one difference may include the first and second mobileapplication programs having been signed with different code-signingcertificates. Code signing is a mechanism whereby publishers of softwareand content can use a certificate-based digital signature to verifytheir identities to users of the code, thus allowing users to decidewhether or not to install it based on whether they trust the publisher.So, for example, the original application developer may have acode-signing certificate that is different from a code-signingcertificate of the rogue developer.

The at least one difference may include the first and second mobileapplication programs having different requested permissions. Asdiscussed above, a platform, such as Android, provides applications withan API that includes access to device hardware (e.g., camera),communication networks (e.g., Wi-Fi, and cellular network), settings,and user data. So, for example, a rogue developer may modify theapplication program such that the program requests additionalpermissions that may not be needed for the original application tofunction. For example, the additional permissions may includepermissions to access personal user data stored on the device.

The at least one difference may include the first and second mobileapplication programs having different digital rights management (DRM)protection. For example, if an application has DRM, and then it can bean indication that the application (e.g., game) has beenpirated/repackaged if that DRM has either been modified or removed.

The at least one difference may include the first and second mobileapplication programs having different publisher names, e.g., in marketmetadata. The at least one difference may include the first and secondmobile application programs having different account identifiers issuedby an ad network. The at least one difference may include the first andsecond mobile application programs having different behavior when probedor analyzed by an analysis system, e.g., dynamic analysis.

The at least one difference may include the first and secondapplications having different code, e.g. one application havingadditional code. Furthermore, the at least one difference may includethe first and second applications having different code, the differencein code having risky functionality. For example, when determining codein one application that is not present in another (e.g. by codefingerprinting), it is possible to analyze the functionality of thatadditional code using static analysis techniques. If an additional codeperforms benign functionality (e.g. no data access or risky behavior),it may be treated differently than if it performs risky functionality(e.g. sending text messages, accessing user data). Benign functionalityin added code may not be considered a difference between the twoapplications, while risky functionality in added code may be considereda difference.

In step 6225, the inference engine, based on at least the identified atleast one difference, and the degree of the similarity between the firstand second metadata being within the threshold degree, determines thatone of the first or second application programs is a counterfeit of theother first or second application programs. Factors that may be used todetermine which of the first or second application programs is thecounterfeit application program include the application price,application source, application release date, other factors, orcombinations of these.

For example, the application with the lower price may be identified asthe counterfeit application because the rogue developer may price thecounterfeit application at a lower price so that users are more likelyto buy the lower priced application than the higher priced application.The application from the alternative marketplace may be identified asthe counterfeit application because the official applicationmarketplaces (e.g., Android Marketplace) may have better screeningprocedures to block undesired applications than the alternativemarketplace.

It should be appreciated, however, that the first and second applicationprograms may be from the same source. For example, both the first andsecond application programs may be available on the official AndroidMarketplace. A rogue developer may upload a pirated application programinto the same store as the legitimate application program. In this case,other factors may be used to identify which of the two applicationprograms is the counterfeit. The application with the later release datemay be identified as the counterfeit application because generally thecounterfeit application will have been released after the originalapplication is released. Instead or additionally, the ad network accountidentifier may be used to identify the counterfeit application.

In a specific implementation, a method includes receiving from adeveloper a designation of a first source authorized by the developer tohost a first application program, designating the first source as theauthorized source, identifying a second application program hosted on asecond source having application metadata similar to the applicationmetadata of the first application program, and determining, based on thefirst source being the authorized source and the application metadatabeing similar, that the second application program is the counterfeit.

The method may further include notifying or alerting the applicationdeveloper. The notification may include sending an e-mail or othermessage to the application developer to inform the developer that theremay be a counterfeit of their application program that is hosted on thesecond source. This service provided by the system allows theapplication developer to take steps to remove the counterfeitapplication program from the second source. Instead or additionally, theowner of the second source (e.g., marketplace owner) may receive thenotification or alert so that the owner can remove the counterfeitapplication program.

It may not always be the case that an official application marketplace(e.g., Android Marketplace) is the authorized source. For example, thedeveloper may choose to upload their application to an alternativemarketplace because fees (e.g., listing fees) and commissions may beless on the alternative marketplace than the official marketplace. Thus,the alternative marketplace (e.g., a marketplace not owned by theplatform developer) may be designated as the authorized distributionsource. Providing the ability to designate a marketplace as theauthorized or designated source helps to protect developers andconsumers from counterfeit applications that may in fact be hosted onthe marketplace of the platform owner (e.g., Android Market or Apple AppStore).

In another specific implementation, the system provides a service tonotify trademark owners if their mark is being improperly used inconnection with an application program. In this specific implementation,the system receives a mark. The mark can be a name, word, phrase, logo,symbol, design, image, or a combination of these. The system scans theapplication repository to identify any applications having the receivedmark (or an object similar to the received mark). Upon identifying anapplication having the received mark, the system sends a notification(e.g., e-mail notification) or otherwise alerts the trademark owner. Inanother specific implementation, the system provides a service to notifycopyright owners if their copyrighted material is being used inconnection with an application program in a similar manner to notifyingowners of trademarks, and may be used for any sort of copyrightedmaterial that can be digitized (e.g. audio, video, software code,images, text).

FIG. 63 shows an overall flow 6305 for correlating applications andmaking assessments based on the correlation. In a step 6310, analysisserver 5415 (FIG. 54) analyzes a first application program and generatesa first assessment of the first application program. As discussed above,an assessment may include a security assessment such as whether or notthe first application program includes malware, or a virus. Anassessment may reflect the rate or amount of battery consumption by thefirst application program, the type of permissions requested by thefirst application program (e.g., whether the first application programcan access a geographical location of a device, or whether the firstapplication program can access personal information stored a device), adetermination of whether the first application program isover-privileged (e.g., first application program requests permissionsthat are not necessary for the first application program to properlyfunction), or combinations of these.

In a step 6315, a second application program is correlated with thefirst application program using one or more correlation criterion. Forexample, Table M below shows some of the application information thatmay be stored in the repository of the system.

TABLE M Application Title Developer Star Patrol Terotta Tac Man BoogleGround Hogs Macrosoft Block Fighter Terotta

In Table M, a first column lists the application. A second column liststhe developer. In this scenario, the system may correlate theapplication “Star Patrol” (e.g., first application program) with “BlockFighter” (e.g., second application program) based on developer name.Correlation can be applied based on any unit of data associated with anapplication. As discussed above, the correlation may be based on datapresent in the application binaries, code similarity between applicationbinaries, media assets included in the application binaries, identifiersin the application binaries, identifiers in the application metadata,developer, author, publisher, market metadata, statistical properties,feature extraction, application source, DRM protection, or combinationsof these.

In a step 6320, based on the first assessment of the first applicationprogram and the correlation of the second application program with thefirst application program, the system generates a second assessment ofthe second application program. For example, the system may make a firstassessment that the application program “Star Patrol” is malicious.Based on the malware assessment and the correlation of “Block Fighter”with “Star Patrol,” a second assessment is generated. For example, thesecond assessment may be that “Block Fighter” is malicious or is likelyto be malicious. The second assessment may be the same, similar, ordifferent from the first assessment.

In a specific implementation, the second assessment may be generatedwithout, for example, scanning the second application program. Thesecond application program may not be stored in the applicationrepository. For example, the application repository may include metadataassociated with the second application program such as the applicationtitle and developer name, but not the application binary. Through thecorrelation, however, the system can generate an assessment for theapplication program.

An application may be published in multiple places. In animplementation, the system provides a correlation of publishing factorsto tie identities about a publisher across multiple markets. Thecorrelated information can be used to identify distribution patternsacross multiple markets, to track the spread of malware across multiplemarkets, to generate protection for one market based on data publishedin another market.

Referring now to FIG. 54, such a system offers many benefits todevelopers, consumers, application marketplace owners, trademark andcopyright owners, and others. For example, in an implementation, thesystem provides a programmatic interface that is made available tomarketplace owners. In this implementation, a developer submits anapplication to the marketplace for hosting. The application is receivedby the system through the programmatic interface, analyzed, and anassessment is returned. Based on the assessment, the marketplace ownermay decide to host or not host the application.

In another implementation, the system provides a malware scanningservice. A user may have an application installed on the device. Ratherthan submitting the entire application to the system, an applicationidentifier (e.g., hash or application title) may be submitted. Nothaving to submit the application helps to conserve computing resources(e.g., network bandwidth). Upon receipt of the application identifier,the system matches the application identifier to the correspondingapplication assessment. The corresponding application assessment isreturned to the user. An example of a scanning service is furtherdescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/335,779, entitled“System And Method For A Scanning API,” filed Dec. 22, 2011, which isincorporated by reference.

The system may provide a graphical user interface (e.g. web page orconsumer portal) for the user to enter the application identifier. Thesystem can return an assessment including an application profile thatmay detail security information or privacy concerns about theapplication, sources or marketplaces where the application is hosted,and the like.

In another implementation, the system provides a brand protectionservice. For example, in this implementation, a trademark owner may benotified by the system if a mark (e.g., logo) is used in an applicationprogram. This helps trademark owner to enforce their intellectualproperty rights and helps to prevent consumer confusion over the sourceof goods and services.

In a specific implementation, a method includes crawling mobile appmetadata and binaries from different sources to build, organize, andstore a holistic view of each app for each market. In another specificimplementation, a method includes creating contextual views of markets(e.g., language, device type, etc.) by emulating particular types ofclients when crawling. In another specific implementation, a methodincludes using the crawled information to correlate apps based on thecrawled data in one market or across multiple markets (for many uses,e.g., malicious, pirated, repackaged apps).

It is noted that at least one fundamental difference between genericweb-crawlers and the current disclosure is that generic-crawlersorganize the data to facilitate quick end user search and retrieval—notto make inferences about other data items on the Internet itself. In aspecific implementation, the system in this disclosure, however, makestargeted downloads of mobile apps and its associated metadata, andorganizes the data to make inferences about other mobile apps on theweb. Even focused web-crawlers, like a generic crawler, organize theirdata for efficient query and retrieval and do not use the information tomake inferences about other data items (mobile apps) on the Internetitself.

Further, none of the crawlers (1) make a distinction between the crawleddata itself (mobile app) and the metadata associated with the data(e.g., user comments, app ratings, etc.); (2) combine metadatainformation extracted from the data itself as well as other sources ofmetadata (e.g., user ratings etc., which are typically available from avery different source) into a holistic view; or (3) use the data as wellas the metadata to make correlation and inferences about other dataitems on the Internet. In the context of information retrieval, thecorrelation is done against the query-term that the end user hasprovided, not against the crawled data itself.

FIG. 64 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem 6400 for sharing risk information and responses through a form ofsocial networking between administrators 6410 a, 6410 b, and 6410 c whoeach may be responsible for the security of an enterprise's network 6420a, 6420 b, and 6430 c and fleet of computing devices 6430 a, 6430 b, and6430 c. Administrators 6410 a-c may be, for example, networkadministrators, enterprise security administrators, and chief internetsecurity officers (CISOs). Fleets 6430 a-c may each be, for example, afleet of mobile communications devices associated with the respectiveadministrator and enterprise (e.g., enterprises 6510, 6520, and 6530(FIG. 65)). Administrators 6410 a-c may be in communication with eachother through their respective networks and a common network 6480.Common network 6480 may be in communication with a server 6460 with asecurity component 6450 that has access to a relationship database 6440and a security database 6470. In the embodiment, an administrator (e.g.,administrator 6410 a) may be provided information about what otheradministrators (e.g., administrators 6410 b-c) are deciding for a givenrisk or type of risk, which the administrator may find beneficial indetermining how to respond to the given risk or type of risk and therebyimprove the functioning of that administrator's fleet of computingdevices. In the embodiment, to determine the information oneadministrator shares with another, administrators may createrelationship profiles for their respective enterprises.

FIG. 65 is a graphical depiction of an example of a relationship profile6500 for an enterprise 6510. In FIG. 65, enterprise 6510 is shown withrelationships 6515 and 6525 with other enterprises 6520 and 6530,respectively. Enterprises 6510, 6520, and 6530 may be the respectiveenterprises of administrators 6410 a-c, networks 6420 a-c, and fleets6430 a-c, of FIG. 64. Administrator 6410 a (FIG. 64) may have createdprofile 6500 for enterprise 6510. In FIG. 65, relationships 6515 and6525 indicate whether enterprise 6510 is willing to share information6505 (e.g., information related to risks, risk events, or types ofrisks, and risk responses) with enterprises 6520 and 6530. Relationshipprofile 6500 with relationships 6515 and 6525 may be stored inrelationship database 6440 (FIG. 64). Information 6505 may be stored insecurity database 6470 (FIG. 64). Risk information 6505 shared betweenenterprises 6510, 6520, and 6530 may be used by the respectiveadministrators 6410 a-c (FIG. 64) to improve the functioning of thenetworks 6420 a-c (FIG. 64) and fleets 6430 a-c (FIG. 64) of computingdevices associated with enterprises 6510, 6520, and 6530. Riskinformation 6505 may be, for example, provided by administrators 6410a-c (FIG. 64) and also obtained by security database 6470 (FIG. 64) fromdevice security components (e.g., local security component 105 (FIG. 1)running on devices, e.g., the devices of fleets 6430 a-c (FIG. 64)associated with enterprises 6510, 6520, and 6530. Such device securitycomponents may be considered “sensors” that supply data to securitydatabase 6470 (FIG. 64).

In the embodiments, administrators may be thought of as a special set ofusers. Various embodiments provide methods for these special users toreceive contextualized (and therefore more likely to be relevant)information from other administrators on what the other administratorsare doing in response to certain risks. Various embodiments address howto provide risk information to an administrator that matches the contextof the administrator's enterprise. Embodiments may provide suchadministrators with information relating to different risks, riskevents, and types of risks that other enterprises are experiencing andhow the other enterprises respond to such risk issues. The informationprovided may allow the administrator to make more informed decisionsregarding how to protect the administrator's own enterprise. Thedecisions may relate to a network, an entire fleet of computing devices,and to specific devices. For example, an administrator may be providedwith information indicating that a particular application on the CEO'smobile communications device is suspect. The specificity of theinformation may allow the administrator to request that the CEO refrainfrom using the suspect application, avoiding a potential need to lockthe CEO's device.

Enterprises 6510, 6520, and 6530 may include other types of collectionsof users, such as businesses, organizations, departments, groups, orfamilies. Any of the different types of collections may have anassociated network and fleet of computing devices, such as mobilecommunications devices. And any of the different types of collectionsmay have an administrator responsible for the security of the networksand fleets associated with the collection. In an embodiment, acollection may be considered to be a group with an administrator who isresponsible for the networks and fleets of computing devices associatedwith the group.

An enterprise or other collection may also include within it a number ofsub-divisions, which may be considered enterprises or other collectionsin their own right. For example, first and second enterprises may bedifferent units or departments in the same company and the systems andmethods of embodiments may be used to facilitate sharing acrossintra-company boundaries and other types of organization boundaries.Thus, in embodiments, a collection may also be thought of asencompassing subsets of the networks and fleets of computing devices forwhich an administrator is responsible. For example, if an administratoris responsible for an enterprise with first and second divisions, thefirst division may be considered a collection with its own fleet ofmobile computing devices.

In addition to protecting the enterprise's network and fleet, anadministrator may need to account for an employee's use of their ownmobile communications device to access enterprise resources (e.g., abring-your-own device (BYOD)). In other words, an enterprise or othertype of collection may own, operate, control, or otherwise be monitoringa number of mobile communications devices that have access to theenterprise's network and the administrator may be responsible forputting in place network, device, or other policies designed to protector bring about and ensure the proper functioning of the network andfleet of computing devices.

To improve the sharing of information, attributes of these enterprisesand their networks and associated fleets may be stored in relationshipdatabase 6440 (FIG. 64) as well as security database 6470 (FIG. 64).Thus attributes may link relationship database information 6440 withsecurity database 6470 information as readily as the identity of anenterprise. Therefore, the attributes of an enterprise may be used byserver security component 6450 (FIG. 64) to filter, aggregate,categorize, or otherwise process data from both the relationship andsecurity databases. In an embodiment, the relationship and securitydatabases could be combined into a single database.

Embodiments of the method for sharing risk information and responsesgenerally address risks that have been detected in some way, eitherthrough an enterprise detecting a risk, e.g., based on its own data fromits own mobile communications devices, or through the risk informationsystem detecting a risk based on, e.g., an analysis of data from thesecurity database and the relationship database.

Information relating to the different risks, risk events, or types ofrisks may be stored in a security database also accessible to the serversecurity component. Such risk information may be supplied directly byadministrators or obtained by the security database from device securitycomponents running on devices, e.g., mobile communications devices,associated with an enterprise.

Embodiments may refer to enterprises, businesses, organizations, groups,or other types of collections as performing an action, such asinstituting a security policy and sharing a risk response, but thisshould be understood to include situations in which a particular actor,such as an administrator or a computer program, has performed the actionas the representative of the collection. In embodiments a computerprogram may be given authority to act without requiring the approval ofan administrator.

In FIG. 65, the administrator for enterprise 6510 has created acollection profile 6500 in which enterprise 6510 has relationship 6515with enterprise 6520. Enterprise 6510 has an additional relationship6525 with enterprise 6530. In the embodiment, relationship 6515 mayindicate that enterprise 6510 wishes to share information 6505 withenterprise 6520, and relationship 6525 may indicate that enterprise 6510does not wish to share information 6505 with enterprise 6530.

In an embodiment, information, such as information related to risks,risk events, and risk responses may be categorized into information ofdifferent levels with the administrator further defining relationships6515, 6525 to differentiate between levels of information thatenterprise 6510 is willing to share with enterprises 6520, 6530. Forexample, relationship 6515 may indicate that enterprise 6510 is willingto share level 1 information (e.g., proprietary information) withenterprise 6520, while relationship 6525 may indicate that enterprise6510 is only willing to share level 3 information (e.g., administrativeprocedures) with enterprise 6530.

In an embodiment, relationships 6515, 6525 may be defined by theadministrator based on an attribute of enterprise 6520 or 6530, ratherthan on their identities. For example, the administrator for enterprise6510 may have created relationship 6525 and limited enterprise 6530 toreceiving level 3 information because of a known affiliation enterprise6530 has with a competitor of enterprise 6510. In such a case,enterprise 6530 was limited to receiving level 3 information because ofthe attribute of having an affiliation with a particular enterprise, andnot because of the identity of enterprise 6530. Thus, in an embodiment,rather than defining a relationship based solely on the knowledge anadministrator has of another entity, an administrator may create rulesto define relationships with known and unknown entities. That is,enterprise 6530 may have been entirely unknown to the administrator forenterprise 6510, yet the administrator may have created a rule wherelevel 3 information is shared with any enterprise that had anaffiliation with a competitor of enterprise 6510. In the case of suchrules, the server security component may access the relationship orsecurity databases to retrieve enterprise attributes and determine whichenterprises, such as enterprise 6530, are limited to receiving level 3information because of an affiliation with a competitor of enterprise6510.

In an embodiment, an administrator may create hierarchical relationshipsbetween relationship rules. For example, relationship 6525 could dependon, or be the function of, three rules. Rule 1 could state thatenterprise 6530 is to receive level 1 information. Rule 2 could statethat enterprises with an affiliation with a particular competitor ofenterprise 6510 are limited to level 3 information. And Rule 3 couldstate that Rule 2 takes priority over Rule 1. If the attributes forenterprise 6530 indicate that enterprise 6530 has an affiliation with acompetitor to enterprise 6510, then regardless of whether theadministrator for enterprise 6510 knew of this relationship, the rulesthe administrator created would work to limit enterprise 6530 toreceiving level 3 information. Furthermore, the creation by enterprise6530 of a relationship with a competitor of enterprise 6510 could byitself be considered an “affiliation with the particular competitor”and, according to Rules 2 and 3 work to limit enterprise 6530 to level 3information.

In an embodiment, administrators for enterprises 6510, 6520 could shareinformation regarding a specific risk, or risk event, or query eachother regarding such risk issues. In the embodiment, should one of theenterprises have already addressed the issue, that enterprise couldshare their risk response with other enterprises. Thus, the embodimentcreates a forum in which administrators may share information.

FIG. 66 depicts an embodiment of a method 6600 for sharing informationrelated to risk responses. In step 6610, a server security componentaccess a security database including a plurality of security riskresponses, where each security risk response is associated with at leastone collection from a plurality of collections. In step 6620, the serversecurity component identifies a first security risk response in asecurity database, where the first security risk response wasimplemented by at least one collection from the plurality ofcollections. For example, a risk response may be implemented by acollection when an administrator for the collection adopts the securityrisk response and directs that computing devices associated with thecollection implement the security risk response. In other words, whenreferring to a collection implementing a security risk response (or acollection “acting” in any manner, such as “permitting” informationrelated to the first security risk response to be shared, mentionedbelow) it includes the case where an administrator directs thecollection to implement the risk response (the administrator directs thecollection to “act”) and the case where the administrator directs thecollection to adopt the risk response as a policy. Furthermore, caseswhere an administrator directs an act also include a server securitycomponent acting for the administrator. In step 6630, the serversecurity component determines from the security database a firstcollection associated with the first security risk response. In step6640, the server security component accesses a relationship databasethat includes collection profiles related to the sharing of informationbetween the plurality of collections. In step 6650, it is determinedwhether the first collection's profile indicates that the firstcollection permits information related to the first security riskresponse to be provided to a second collection. If so, in step 6660 thefirst security risk response is provided to the second collection. Ifnot, in step 6670, the first security risk response is not provided tothe second collection.

In embodiments, a risk, risk event, or risk type may impact anenterprise in a number of ways. For example, the risk may affect orpotentially affect a network, an application, an operating system, or afile. Risk information generally includes all information regardingrisks, risk events, risk types, and peripheral information that might beuseful for processing and interpreting the data, e.g., enterpriseattributes, responses to risks, network data, mobile communicationsdevice data, application data, operating system data, and file data.Risk information could also include statistical information regardingthe prevalence or propagation of a risk within an enterprise's ownmobile communications devices or within an industry vertical market.Such information could also be divided or categorized into informationlevels, which an administrator may treat differently when sharing asdiscussed previously.

In an embodiment, the shared information for an application may becorrelated by attributes other than or in addition to code similarity.For example, the shared information may be correlated according to anindustry vertical market. The correlation may show that an applicationor software component may be more prevalent in the banking industry thanin another industry, for example, insurance. The correlation of theapplication to banking industry may be of interest to an administratorof a banking enterprise because the correlation may indicate that thesoftware is targeting the banking industry, and therefore may warrantfurther inspection. Conversely, a lack of correlation may provide somerelief as an indication that the application does not target the bankingindustry. If there is a correlation with the banking industry, and ifthere is a further correlation with communications with an IP address isa particular foreign country, then that may be a strong indication thatthe application warrants further investigation or even quarantine.Furthermore, correlation may be enterprise-specific. A particular bankmay be sending communications at twice the rate of its industry verticalmarket when correlated to the presence of an application. To that bank'ssystem administrator such a targeted correlation might be a trigger toquarantine the application.

Thus, in embodiments risk information may be correlated to (i.e., bedetermined to be relevant to) an enterprise (or not) in a number ofways, including the following examples: by the content of applicationcode; by where an application focuses (e.g., industry, location,enterprise, and function); by where an application sends communications(e.g.: Does the application send communications to an IP address outsidethe enterprise's firewall? Does the application send communications to aforeign government? Such communications may be an indication ofmalware.); by how an application behaves or is behaving in comparison toother enterprise applications. Furthermore, correlation is potentiallymore interesting when it does not exist. That is, an inverse correlationcan be interesting, since outliers of any sort may be illuminating.

As a result, various embodiments provide an administrator with a lensfor viewing or analyzing an enterprise's risk information (e.g., risktolerance and measures of the detected risks, risk events, risk types,and risk responses) in a variety of contexts ranging from society ingeneral, to a relevant industry vertical market, to a direct comparisonwith another enterprise.

In an embodiment, when an administrator is alerted to a risk (e.g., bybeing notified by the server security component of a risk detected uponanalysis of the security database, or by being informed of a risk by aparticipating administrator) the administrator has a number of options.The administrator may broadcast the risk according to his enterpriserelationships. The administrator may directly query other enterprises(through their administrators) to get information. For example, theadministrator may wish to know how prevalent the issue is elsewhere, orhow the other administrators dealt with the issue. The administrator mayquery other enterprises based on enterprise attributes that theadministrator thinks are relevant, such as directing the query toenterprises within an industry vertical market. This would allow theadministrator to obtain relevant information from enterprises with whichthe administrator does not have an existing relationship, so long asthey participate in the relationship and security databases. In thismanner, embodiments leverage the collective knowledge of the combinedenterprises or other types of collections to improve the ability of anindividual enterprise to response to a risk. By way of this leveraging,embodiments improve the functioning of the networks and devicesassociated with the combined enterprises. The administrator could directsimilar queries directly to the security component itself, which wouldthen process the data in the security database or relationship databaseor both to provide a response.

A query directed to determining the prevalence of a risk elsewhere is anexample of a query that may be distributed according to enterpriseattributes rather than enterprise identities. More specifically, thequery may be distributed based on attributes or categories according tothe interests of the administrator. For example, a request for a measureof the prevalence in enterprises of a certain size could be directed tothe server security component, which would in turn process enterprisedata in the relationship and security databases to provide an response.In addition to size, other categories might include, e.g.: industryvertical market, industry technology, and enterprise size, or location,etc. In an embodiment, an administrator may create conditions that mustbe fulfilled before a relationship with another enterprise is created.For example, with reference to FIG. 65, should the administrator ofenterprise 6510 wish to share information with enterprise 6520 only ifthe information and the sharing of information was kept secret, thenenterprise 6510 could make these conditions a pre-condition thatenterprise 6520 must accept before relationship 6515 is created.

In an embodiment, with the creation of the relationship database(including relationship profiles such as relationship profile 6500) andthe security database, and with the server security component havingaccess to both databases, server security component, the server securitycomponent, relationship database, and security database provide a riskinformation system. The risk information system may itself detect risksin addition to allowing enterprises to request or share informationregarding risks. For example, by having access to the security andrelationship databases, the server security component has access to dataacross enterprise boundaries. Such global access to data may allow theserver security component to detect risks, risk events, or risk typesbefore systems with access to more limited data sets. Furthermore, basedon a risk detected by the system or based on a risk detected by anenterprise and brought to the system's attention via an alert or similarnotice, the risk information system provides the ability for the serversecurity component to process relationship and security databaseinformation and determine what enterprises the detected risk is likelyto affect. In this manner, the risk information system provides vectorsby which it may be discovered who is affected by or subject to aparticular risk. In other words, the volume of data received as moreenterprises, businesses, organizations, and other collections thatcreate relationship profiles and provide data to the security databaseshould enable the risk information system to detect risks, distributeresponses, and improve the functioning of the networks and associatedcollections of mobile communications devices for the participatinggroups. In time, the influx of data will establish a massive database(relationship database and security database) that allows a high degreeof correlation of risk or degree of risk from the known risks (aboutwhich the system has massive data) to new potential risks based onmachine learning and using the massive established data set.

This would be an incentive for enterprises that are competitors on acommercial level to participate in the risk information system—namely,such collaboration with industry competitors would provide a net benefitto the enterprise. And, as stated, an enterprise may put conditions ontheir participation in the risk information system regarding with whichother participants they share information, on the levels of informationshared, and on participation being anonymous, with these being examplesof the many such conditions. For example, a further condition mightinclude a reciprocity clause and the reciprocity clause may furtherdefine reciprocity above or below a certain level of information. Insum, such sharing of risk information provides a true network effect inwhich a participant receives substantially more benefit when its peersalso participate in comparison to when peers opt out.

As an example of how the server security component might provide a riskalert, the server security component may correlate a risk event with asource application used by an affected enterprise or an affected groupof affected mobile communications devices, or in a particular industry.All such attributes may provide a vector of correlation, or, which isoften as important, uncorrelation. Subsequently, the server securitycomponent could also determine that the source application shares asignificant amount of code, e.g., 30%, with a now-suspect application.In turn, the security component could determine from data in thesecurity database or relationship database that the now-suspectapplication is used by one mobile communications device associated withanother enterprise in the particular industry. The server securitycomponent may then alert the user of the now-suspect application to thepotential that the now-suspect application will exhibit the same riskbehavior that was correlated to the source application. The serversecurity component could also condition the alert notice on furtherattributes. For example, in addition to the code similarity, the serversecurity component may also alert an enterprise only if the enterpriseis also in the same industry vertical market in which the sourceapplication was found. Other attributes from the relationship andsecurity databases may be similarly used to filter which participatingenterprises are alerted by the server security component.

In an embodiment, risk information data may be acquired by the securitydatabase from instances of device security components (“sensors”)instantiated on, e.g., mobile communications devices. Such sensors maysupply the security database with information about the device on whichit resides. For example, the sensor may provide information about theapplications running on the device and the general functioning of thedevice, and the sensor may provide information about the risk responsesthe device has implemented, presumably at the direction of an enterpriseadministrator. Information from any sensor associated with a particularenterprise, business, organization, or other collection, is shared bythe server security component according to the relationship informationprovided to the relationship database by the collection's correspondingadministrator.

In an embodiment, risk responses to a risk event or risk type may becontributed by collections and stored in a security database along withrisk information associated with the risk response. A security componentmay access the security database and determine, from stored riskresponses and associated risk information, that a particular riskresponse may be relevant information related to a detected securityevent. The security component may then share the particular riskresponse to other collections that may be affected by the detectedsecurity event, or otherwise according to embodiments.

In an embodiment, a net benefit of the risk information system is thatan administrator may decide to permit or not permit applications based,not only on a component level analysis of risk from the application andon the decisions and policies of the single administrator, but alsobased on risk information shared by other administrators who participatein the risk information system.

In an embodiment, the server security component may deploy or executerisk responses based on, e.g., rules provides in the relationshipdatabase.

In an embodiment, the risk information system may be leveraged toanalyze one or more mobile communications devices from a “new”enterprise or other type of collection whose mobile communicationsdevices are not generally running instances of the device securitycomponent. The embodiment may be particularly useful for “instantresponders,” people who may be the first to be presented with a deviceissue in any given new organization. In the embodiment, the instantresponder may install the device security component on a number ofdevices in the new enterprise or other type of collection. For some timeafter installation, the device security components may send device datato the security database. The server security component may analyze thenewly-acquired data and report risk-related information to the instantresponder, including, e.g., risks, detected risk events, and risk types.The server security component may also provide the instant responderwith risk responses associated with the risk-related information. Sincethese risk responses would come from the security database, in theembodiment the originators of the response would need to have givenpermission for the risk response to be shared with such neworganizations. The embodiment provides a powerful method fordemonstrating the benefit of participating in the risk informationsystem to the administrator of the new enterprise. For example, theanalysis may tell the instant responder than the problem with aparticular mobile communications device is new to the instantresponder's industry vertical market, but that the same problem hasoccurred in another industry vertical market. The analysis may also befollowed by how the problem was addressed elsewhere.

An embodiment that is similar to the preceding embodiment provides amethod for onboarding a new enterprise into the group of participatingcollections. For this embodiment, it is assumed that one or more devicesof the new enterprise have previously been equipped with instances ofthe device security component. For example, risk information data may becollected by the security database from mobile communications devicesthat have been using resources (such as IP addresses) that arethemselves associated in the security database with the new enterprise.Such resource-specific risk information may then be associated with thenew enterprise based on the use of the new enterprise's resources. Inthis way, device security components may supply the security databasewith risk information relating to the “new” enterprise and with the newenterprise's attributes. For example, the device security components mayhave already provided information to the security database regarding allthe applications running by the new enterprise's devices. It is alsoassumed that the server security component has analyzed the suppliedrisk information and enterprise attributes and has prepared acorresponding report. However, because the new enterprise has not yetbecome a participant and has not yet created relationship information,any data supplied by device security components from the newenterprise's devices has not yet been shared. In the embodiment, shoulda non-participating-but-curious administrator wish a demonstration ofthe benefits of participation in the risk information system, thecurious administrator is shown a demonstration. The demonstration may bebased on the risk information and enterprise attribute informationalready received by the security database and on the results alreadygenerated by the server security component. For example, the curiousadministrator may be asked to scan a Quick Response (QR) code with amobile communications device. The QR may link the curious administratorto the report from the server security component with full forensicdetail on the applications known to be used by the new enterprise. Thelink may allow the curious administrator to inspect the report in moredetail and it may allow the curious administrator to download the reportso that the administrator may retain the report as an example of whatmight be an ongoing benefit should the administrator choose toparticipate in the risk information system.

In an embodiment, the server security component may analyze riskinformation and enterprise attributes from the security database todetermine an objective measure of a level of risk tolerance for aparticular enterprise. That is, the sever security component maycompare, e.g., enterprise applications, enterprise security settings,and enterprise traffic over the enterprise network using data suppliedby device security components on each participating enterprise's mobilecommunications devices to develop an objective measure of risk tolerancefor each enterprise. That objective measure of risk tolerance may thenbecome another enterprise attribute, which like any enterprise attributeor attributes may be used when formulating relationships for the sharingof risk information. For example, each enterprise may have its owninternal policy on risk tolerance. With the embodiment, an administratormay compare that internal policy to how the administrator's enterpriseranks against other participating enterprises. Furthermore, thatadministrator may, for example, not choose to share risk informationwith a prospective enterprise based on the prospective enterpriseexhibiting an unreasonably high tolerance for risk based on the ranking.Such a decision not to share may be based on an assumption that theadministrator's enterprise has nothing to gain with sharing responseinformation with the prospective enterprise because the prospectiveenterprise will not likely have anything to share in return. The labelof “unreasonably” risk tolerant may be conferred based on the objectivemeasure of risk tolerance for the prospective enterprise and acomparison with an average risk tolerance of, e.g., peers in the sameindustry. An unreasonable risk tolerance may be some number of standarddeviations from the norm. Within particular community, if one enterpriseis more risk tolerant, this may provide a motive for otheradministrators to adopt policies when dealing with risky enterprise. Forexample, personal data may be encrypted when it is supplied to arisk-tolerant enterprise.

In an embodiment, the attributes of enterprises (or other collections)may be used to determine whether any similarities between twoenterprises are great enough that information from a first enterprise islikely to be relevant to a second, and, therefore, whether to shareinformation from the first to the second enterprise. That is, in FIG.66, step 6640 may include accessing, by a server security component, arelationship database including collection profiles related to thesharing of information between the plurality of collections. Thesecollection profiles could include collection attributes. Frominformation related to the first security risk response, the serversecurity component could identify a set of attributes of the firstsecurity risk response. And from the profile information, the serversecurity component could identify a set of attributes of the secondcollection that are similar to (or “match”) attributes of the firstsecurity risk response. Then, the server security component couldprovide the first security risk response to the second collection whenthe number of attributes of the second collection that are similar to ormatch attributes of the first security risk response is equal to orexceeds a threshold number. Though this may still require that the firstcollection profile indicates that the first collection permitsinformation related to the first security risk response to be providedto the second collection, it may also be that above a certain number ofsimilar attributes, or for an elevated risk or risk type, the firstsecurity risk response information will be shared regardless of thefirst collection profile.

That is, in embodiments, the sharing of information may be based onfactors other than the sharing information in a collection profile. Forexample, a determination on whether certain information is shared may bebased on decisions that favor the plurality of collections over theprivacy settings of any individual collection. In this example, should arisk or risk type be prioritized as “exceptional,” a risk response fromone collection might be shared with the plurality even if the onecollection profile did not specifically authorize sharing informationwith the entire plurality.

In the embodiment, the server security component may provide an alert toany particular enterprise should that enterprise become significantlymore exposed to risk for any reason, e.g., as a result of a change tothe configurations of the enterprise's mobile communications devices.

In an embodiment, suspicious applications may be quarantined and testedwith results delivered to participating enterprises. In the embodiment,when the server security component detects a potential risk associatedwith a particular application, the server security component may triggerthe analysis of the application. For example, upon detecting whatappears to be an emerging problem with an application, the serversecurity component may activate a real or virtual test device, installon the test device an instance of the suspicious application, andmonitor the test device as it exercises the suspicious application. Theserver security component may then provide the test results to relevantadministrators, or broadcast an alert, depending on the test results andthe controlling relationship information from the relationship database.

In an embodiment, a method is provided for allowing an administrator toreceive an analysis of a potential application from an enterprise orindividual. In the embodiment, a market approval process is disclosed inwhich analysts (“vetters”) provide their analyses of applications toadministrators (or the general public) who subscribe to receive theparticular analyst's product, or otherwise seek out the analyst'sopinion for a more specific reason. In the embodiment, an administratormay subscribe to see analyses from particular sources up to an includingthe public in general. It may be preferable to a particularadministrator to subscribe to analyses from a peer (e.g., anadministrator from Bank X subscribing to analyses from Bank Y). But theembodiment envisions that public comment on an application may beuseful, and, in addition, public comment on an analysis from an industrysource may also prove useful—though the embodiment provides for both theanalyses and subsequent commentary to be contributed anonymously.

In a similar embodiment, an administrator or even an individual maydelegate security or other permissions decisions to anotheradministrator, enterprise, or individual. It is generally thought thatmost people blindly approve permissions questions. The embodiment wouldallow the delegation of such security or permissions decisions toanother where that other is known to be more discerning when makingsecurity or permissions decisions. In doing so, the embodiment wouldleverage the knowledge and effort of the delegate. In an embodiment, theactual decisions are not delegated, but the opinions of certainadministrators, enterprises, or individuals are provided to theinterested administrator when presented with such a security orpermissions decision. For example, a certain reviewer may achieve“celebrity” status through effective analyses. And, for example, thecelebrity reviewer may maintain a list of “bad” applications and a listof “good” applications. An administrator may direct that relevantanalyses from the celebrity reviewer be presented along with any requestrelated to a decision on security or permissions. Similarly, theadministrator may direct that they be alerted when the celebrityreviewer posts a new review, such as a review recommending for oragainst installing an application.

FIG. 67 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem 6700 and method for determining whether to allow or deny anaccess request 6745. The embodiment is directed to a situation in whichthe source of an access request may be difficult to determine. In theembodiment, an initiating device may remotely control the originatingdevice and initiate the sending of the request from the originatingdevice. Between the initiating device and the originating device theremay be other computing devices that create a chain or series of devices,each remotely controlling the next until the last controls theoriginating device. Between the originating device and the destinationcomputing device there may be another series of computing devices that,as a group, transmit (or relay) the request from the originating deviceto the destination computing device. Computing devices in the series mayperform one or more of the functions: initiate the request, controlanother computing device, originate the request, and transmit therequest to the destination computing device.

For example, an enterprise employee visiting London, England on vacationwith a sudden, urgent business issue may use free Wi-Fi in a coffee shopto VPN from her iPhone into her enterprise computer, which she left upand running in California. The employee may use that VPN access tocommand the enterprise computer to access enterprise resources.Typically, the enterprise backend would not know that the enterprisecomputer is projecting its display and sending enterprise data all theway to London. The enterprise would also not know the security status ofthe Wi-Fi connection or the iPhone.

In an embodiment, each of the computing devices involved in transmittingan access request may run an instance of a device security component,such as the “sensor” described with respect to FIGS. 64-66. The devicesecurity component may monitor the computing device and determinewhether the device is “trusted.” That is, the device security componentmay determine whether the state of the computing device is such that itmeets the device security component's requirements for the “trusted”label, which may be that the computing device is functioning normallycorrectly and is secure. The device security component may alsodetermine whether the computing device is being remotely controlled(e.g., using a Telnet or SSH session or other application allowing theremote control from a remote computing device of the monitored computingdevice). If so, the device security component may still label the deviceas “trusted,” (or not), but the device security may add to that“trusted” label the additional information that the device is beingremotely controlled. In the embodiment, a security component on thedestination computing device receives information about each computingdevice involved in transmitting the access request from securitycomponents on the computing devices (e.g., a “handshake”), and based onthe received information the security component on the destinationcomputing device may determine whether or not to allow the accessrequest.

FIG. 67 illustrates a system 6700 employing a method for determiningwhether to allow or deny an access request 6745 based on a destinationsecurity component 6735 c being able to evaluate source information fromany computing device involved in the transmission of access request6745. In FIG. 67, a user 6705 initiates access request 6745 using acomputing device 6710. Computing device 6710 transmits access request6745 to a computing device 6720 using a network connection 6715, whichin turn relays access request 6745 to a destination computing device6730 using a network connection 6725. Computing device 6710 is both aninitiating computing device and an originating computing device.Computing device 6710 is the initiating computing device because theuser used it to initiate access request 6745. Computing device 6710 isalso the originating computing device because the actual request wastransmitted from computing device 6710 to destination computing device6730. Computing device 6720 is a terminal device, i.e., computing device6720 is the device that transmits access request 6745 to destinationcomputing device 6730. Computing device 6720 is also an intermediatecomputing device in that it is between the initial computing device 6710and destination computing device 6730 along the route of access request6745. Computing devices 6710, 6720 create a series 6740 of computingdevices by which access request 6745 is initiated, originated, andtransmitted to destination computing device 6730. In a series of onecomputing device the single computing device performs the functions ofinitiating the request, originating the request, and transmitting therequest to the destination computing device.

Computing devices 6710, 6720, and 6730 are running instances of asecurity component 6735 a, 6735 b, and 6735 c, respectively. Securitycomponents 6735 a, 6735 b, and 6735 c monitor the respective computingdevice and determine if the device is secure (“trusted”) or not,according to policies under which the security components are operating.Security components 6735 a, 6735 b, and 6735 c monitor, e.g., theinputs, outputs, communications, applications, and network connectionsof their respective devices. Security components 6735 a, 6735 b, and6735 c are thereby able to determine, for example, whether theirrespective computing devices initiated access request 6745, originatedaccess request 6745, or transmitted (or “relayed”) access request 6745received from another computing device. In monitoring a device, securitycomponents 6735 a, 6735 b, and 6735 c may identify computing devicesthat communicate with the monitored computing device and associate thoseidentities with any communications from or to the identified computingdevice. Additionally, security components 6735 a, 6735 b, and 6735 c maycommunicate with each other regarding the security state and otherinformation regarding their monitored computing devices. Furthermore,security components 6735 a, 6735 b, and 6735 c may communicate to eachother information relating to access request 6745, such as whether themonitored device initiated access request 6745, whether the monitoreddevice originated access request 6745, whether the monitored devicetransmitted access request 6745 received from another device, theidentity of any device that controlled the monitored device to cause themonitored device either originate access request 6745 or to controlanother device, and the identity of any device that transmitted accessrequest 6745 to the monitored device. For example, security component6735 a may communicate with security components 6735 b and 6735 c,sending source information 6755 to security component 6735 b in parallelwith access request 6745. Source information 6755 may include thatcomputing device 6710 is trusted (or not), that computing device 6710initiated access request 6745 (i.e., was not being controlled by anotherdevice), and that computing device 6710 originated access request 6745(i.e., created and sent access request 6745). Security component 6735 bmay receive this information and may itself communicate to securitycomponent 6735 c, sending source information 6765 to security component6735 c in parallel with access request 6745. Source information 6765 mayinclude that computing device 6720 is trusted (or not) and thatcomputing device 6720 received access request 6745 from computing device6710. Security component 6735 b may also forward source information 6755to security component 6735 c in parallel with access request 6745.

Upon destination computing device 6730 receiving access request 6745,destination computing device security component 6735 c then determineswhether to allow or deny access request 6745 based on the informationreceived from security components 6735 a and 6735 b regarding series6740. In an embodiment, destination computing device security component6735 c allows access request 6745 if every computing device in series6740 is trusted, and if access request 6745 originated within series6740, and if access request 6745 was initiated within the series 6740.In an embodiment, destination computing device security component 6735 callows access request 6745 if every computing device in series 6740 istrusted, and if access request 6745 originated within series 6740, andif access request 6745 was initiated within the series 6740, and if nocomputing device within series 6740 was being controlled by a computingdevice not included in series 6740.

FIG. 67 illustrates a type of chaining in which a request is initiatedusing a first computing device and is transmitted through one or moreintervening computing device to a destination computing device.Computing devices 6710, 6720, and 6730 may be any type of computingdevice, e.g., mobile communications devices, tablets, and desktops.Because the function they perform in series 6740 does not require userinput, computing device 6720 and destination computing device 6730 mayalso be computing devices that are not typically configured to acceptuser input, such as servers. Network connections 6715, 6725 may be anynetwork connection, such as LAN, Wi-Fi, or Internet.

In an embodiment, communications between security components 6735 a,6735 b, and 6735 c are separate from access request 6745. That is,security component 6735 c may receive the communication from securitycomponent 6735 b before or after access request 6745. And thecommunication from security component 6735 b may follow a path that isdifferent from access request 6745. Also, communications from securitycomponents 6735 a and 6735 b may be forwarded in parallel with accessrequest 6745 without being requested (e.g., “pushed”), or communicationsmay be delayed until requested by a security component later in theseries. For example, security component 6735 b may initiate sendingsource information 6755, 6765 to destination computing device 6730without being requested to do so. Or, security component 6735 c mayrequest source information from security component 6735 b upon receivingaccess request 6745 from computing device 6720. Furthermore, in anembodiment, the communication from security component 6735 b to securitycomponent 6735 c may aggregate source information 6755 and sourceinformation 6765. In the embodiment, the aggregated source informationis included with access request 6745 (e.g., added or attached to therequest) as access request 6745 is transmitted from originatingcomputing device 6710 to destination computing device 6730.

Or, in an embodiment, the communication from security component 6735 bmay include only source information 6765 (i.e., information regardingmonitored computing device 6720) from which security component 6735 cmay obtain the identity of computing device 6710. With the identity ofcomputing device 6710, security component 6735 c may then request sourceinformation 6755 (i.e., information regarding access request 6745 andmonitored computing device 6710) from security component 6735 a oncomputing device 6710.

In an embodiment, “trust” may be established by the security componentson each computing device reporting that their threat profile is withinacceptable limits or alternatively characterized as, e.g., SAFE, SECURE,or PROTECTED. The absence of a security component on a computing deviceresults in an inference that the computing device is not trusted, e.g.,UNSAFE, INSECURE, or UNPROTECTED. If every computing device in a chain,series, or system is SAFE or alternatively has a threat profile withinthe acceptable limits, then trust is established in the chain, series,or system. In an embodiment, trust in a chain, series, or system isestablished when every computing device in the chain, series, or systemis SAFE or alternatively has a threat profile within the acceptablelimits and when the security components on each computing device in thechain, series, or system have bi-laterally authenticated each other andhave also reported their threat profile to each other. Thus, theembodiment may protect against a “man-in-the-middle” attack.

In an embodiment, individual computing devices in a series may betreated differently. For example, a security component may determinethat source information may be allowed to flow into an “untrusted”computing device associated with the component, but not out of it. And agroup of security components may impose the same effect on a singleuntrusted component based on source information received from a securitycomponent on that untrusted computing device.

In an embodiment, responses to an access request other than or inaddition to “allow” and “deny” are allowed. For example, if the accessrequest related to running an application on the destination computingdevice and the associated source information indicted that a computingdevice in the series was untrusted, security component 6735 c may allowthe request in a limited fashion (e.g., run with output quarantined), ordeny the request and initiate or suggest to the user the uninstallationof the target application.

In an embodiment, a computing device may be used to supply a secondfactor for authentication and a security component on the computingdevice may supply source information to confirm whether the computingdevice is trusted and is, therefore, allowed to provide the secondfactor for authentication. In this sense, the embodiment extends theconcepts of authorization and authentication from the user to thecomputing devices involved. For example, in FIG. 67, source information6755 would verify that computing device 6710 is not being remotelycontrolled and is the originating device for access request 6745. Suchsource information could also include information that the receivingsecurity component may use to determine whether the sending computingdevice is compromised or not, or is possibly compromised, such asinformation collected about the OS and firmware on the device, dynamicinformation about processes running on the device, and deviceconfiguration tables (e.g., iptables (a Linux on-device firewall)). Inthe embodiment, a computing device that has an indicator of compromisemight be considered unsafe and not allowed to supply a second factor ina multi-factor authentication.

In an embodiment, a security component may use application componentanalysis to correlate unknown applications with known remote accessapplications. And a particular remote-control application, even ifknown, may result in the security component labeling the associatedcomputing device “untrusted” according to a security policy. Sourceinformation from remotely-controlled computing devices may include boththe identity of the controlling device, e.g., the device's GUID, and thecontrolling application.

In an embodiment, in establishing trust, a security policy may extend tothe user, the device, the application, and the properties of theapplication. That is, a security policy may actually be a tree ofsecurity policies directed to different aspects of a communication.

FIG. 68 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem 6800 for determining whether to allow or deny an access request6845. In FIG. 68, a user 6805 uses a computing device 6810 to remotelycontrol a computing device 6840, by remotely controlling intermediatecomputing devices 6820 and 6830, using each remotely controlledcomputing device to remotely control the next. User 6805 then may useremotely controlled computing device 6840 to send an access request 6845to a destination computing device 6870. Computing devices 6820, 6830 and6840 are a chain of remotely controlled computing devices connected vianetwork connections 6815 a, 6815 b, and 6815 c. Computing device 6840 isthe device that originates access request 6845. The chain could includean arbitrary number of remotely-controlled intermediate computingdevices between the initial computing device 6810 and originatingcomputing device 6840.

Computing device 6840 is directed to transmit access request 6845 todestination computing device 6870. Computing device 6840 may transmitaccess request 6845 through intermediate computing devices 6850 and 6860using network connections 6825 a, 6825 b, and 6825 c. This chain couldalso include an arbitrary number of computing devices betweenoriginating computing device 6840 and destination computing device 6870.Computing devices 6810, 6820, 6830, 6840, 6850, and 6860 create a series6880 of computing devices involved in transmitting access request 6845to destination computing device 6870. Computing devices 6810, 6820,6830, 6840, 6850, and 6860 and destination computing device 6870 arerunning instances of a security component 6835 a, 6835 b, 6835 c, 6835d, 6835 e, 6835 f, and 6835 g, respectively.

System 6800 is more complicated that system 6700 (FIG. 67), but thedescriptions related to series 6740, access request 6745, and sourceinformation 6755, 6765 apply to series 6880, access request 6845, andsource information (not shown, as it would unduly clutter the figure).That is, security components 6835 a-g monitor the respective computingdevice and determine if the device is secure (“trusted”) or not,according to policies under which the security components are operating.Security components 6835 a-g monitor, e.g., the inputs, outputs,communications, applications, and network connections of theirrespective devices. Security components 6835 a-g are thereby able todetermine, for example, whether their respective computing devicesinitiated access request 6845, originated access request 6845, were usedto control a computing device, were controlled by a computing device,and transmitted (or “relayed”) access request 6845 received from anothercomputing device. In monitoring a device, security components 6835 a-gmay identify computing devices that communicate with the monitoredcomputing device and associate those identities with any communicationsfrom or to the identified computing device. Additionally, securitycomponents 6835 a-g may communicate with each other regarding state oftheir monitored computing device. Furthermore, security components 6835a-g may communicate to each other information relating to access request6845, such as whether the monitored device initiated access request6845, whether the monitored device originated access request 6845,whether the monitored device transmitted access request 6845 receivedfrom another device, the identity of any device that controlled themonitored device to cause the monitored device to either originateaccess request 6845 or to control another device, the identity of anyapplication used to control the monitored device, and the identity ofany device that transmitted access request 6845 to the monitored device.For example, security component 6835 a may communicate with securitycomponents 6835 b-g, sending source information (not shown) to securitycomponent 6835 b in parallel with access request 6845. Similar to thedescription of computing device 6710 (FIG. 67), source information fromdevice 6810, may include that computing device 6810 is trusted (or not),that computing device 6810 initiated access request 6845, and thatcomputing device 6810 was not being controlled by another device.However, the source information would not include, for example, thatcomputing device 6810 originated access request 6845. Intermediatecomputing device security components 6835 b and 6835 c may receive andrelay source information from security component 6835 a and send sourceinformation of their own. Security component 6835 d may receive thisinformation and forward it in parallel with access request 6845.Security component 6835 d may itself send source information in parallelwith access request 6845 including that computing device 6840 is trusted(or not), that computing device 6840 was controlled by computing device6830, and that computing device 6840 originated access request 6845.Thus, the embodiment may provide for controlling a gateway allowingaccess to destination computing device 6870.

Upon destination computing device 6870 receiving access request 6845,destination computing device security component 6835 g then determineswhether to allow or deny access request 6845 based on the informationreceived from security components 6835 a-f regarding series 6880. In anembodiment, destination computing device security component 6835 gallows access request 6845 if every computing device in series 6880 istrusted, if access request 6845 originated within series 6880, and ifaccess request 6845 was initiated within the series 6880. In anembodiment, destination computing device security component 6835 gallows access request 6845 if every computing device in series 6880 istrusted, if access request 6845 originated within series 6880, if accessrequest 6845 was initiated within the series 6880, and if no computingdevice within series 6880 was being controlled by a computing device notincluded in series 6880.

FIG. 68 illustrates a type of chaining in which a request is initiatedusing a first computing device and is transmitted through one or moreintervening computing device to a destination computing device.Computing devices 6810-70 may be any type of computing device, e.g.,mobile communications devices, tablets, and desktops. Because thefunction they perform in series 6880 does not require user input,computing device 6820-60 and destination computing device 6870 may alsobe computing devices that are not typically configured to accept userinput, such as servers. For example, computing device 6850 could be aweb server and computing device 6860 could be an application server.Network connections 6815 a-c, and 6825 a-c may be any networkconnection, such as LAN, Wi-Fi, or Internet.

In an embodiment, communications between security components areseparate from an access request. That is, a destination securitycomponent may receive source information from a terminal securitycomponent before or after the access request. Also, source informationfrom security components may be forwarded in parallel with an accessrequest without being requested (e.g., “pushed”), or source informationmay be delayed until requested by a security component later in theseries. For example, security component 6835 f may initiate sendingsource information to destination computing device 6870 without beingrequest to do so. Or, security component 6835 g may request sourceinformation from security component 6835 f upon receiving access request6845 from computing device 6860. In an embodiment, the communicationfrom a terminal security component may include only source informationfrom the terminal security component, from which a destination computingdevice security component may obtain the identity of an intermediatecomputing device that transmitted the access request to the terminalcomputing device. The destination computing device security componentmay then request source information from the intermediate computingdevice. For example, security component 6835 g could request sourceinformation regarding access request 6845, from security component 6835e on computing device 6850. In an embodiment, the communication ofsource information from one security component to a next securitycomponent may aggregate source information from each security component.And, in an embodiment, the aggregated source information may be includedwith an access request (e.g., added or attached to the request) as theaccess request is transmitted from an originating computing device to adestination computing device.

In an embodiment, initial computing device 6810 has remotely controlledintermediate computing devices 6820 and 6830 and set up tunnels tooriginating device 6840. In the embodiment, security component 6835 amay monitor the downstream tunnels in addition to monitoring computingdevice 6810. Thus, source information from security component 6835 a maybe substituted for source information from security components 6835 band 6835 c when security component 6835 g eventually determines whetherto allow or deny an access request from computing device 6810

FIG. 69 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating the steps of anembodiment of a method 6900 for determining whether to allow or deny anaccess request. In FIG. 69, in step 6910, a destination computing devicerunning a security component receives an access request from a terminalcomputing device. In step 6920, the security component on thedestination computing device requests source information from a securitycomponent that may be running on the terminal computing device. In step6930, the destination computing device security component determineswhether it has received the requested source information. If sourceinformation was not received from a terminal computing device securitycomponent, then in step 6940 the request is denied. If sourceinformation was received from a terminal computing device securitycomponent, then in step 6950, the destination computing device securitycomponent determines whether the source information indicates that theterminal computing device is trusted. If the terminal computing deviceis not trusted, then in step 6940 the request is denied. If the terminalcomputing device is trusted, then in step 6960, the destinationcomputing device determines whether the source information indicatesthat the terminal computing device is the initiating computing device.If the terminal computing device is the initiating computing device,then in step 6970 the request is allowed. If the terminal computingdevice is not the initiating computing device, then in step 6980, thedestination computing device determines whether the source informationidentifies a next computing device. If the source information does notidentify a next computing device, then in step 6940, the request isdenied. If the source information identifies a next computing device,then in step 6920, the security component on the destination computingdevice requests source information from a security component that may berunning on the identified next computing device. The steps of the methodare then repeated until the request is either allowed or denied.

In an embodiment of a method for determining whether to allow or deny anetwork access request the source information for each computing devicein the series is aggregated. That is, as with the method 6900: in afirst step a destination computing device running a security componentreceives an access request from a terminal computing device; in a secondstep the security component on the destination computing device requestssource information from a security component that may be running on theterminal computing device; in a third step the destination computingdevice security component determines whether it has received therequested source information; and in a fourth step, if sourceinformation was not received from a terminal computing device securitycomponent then the request is denied. However, this embodiment differsfrom the method 6900 because in this embodiment, if source informationis received the source information is the aggregate of sourceinformation from the computing devices in the series. That is, thesource information includes information on each device in the series andwhether the computing device was running an instance of the securitycomponent, is trusted, and is remotely controlled. With the receipt ofsuch aggregate source information, in this embodiment the destinationdevice security component then allows the request when the aggregatesource information: indicates that every computing device in the seriesis trusted (i.e., every computing device in the series was running thedevice security component and each device security component indicatedthat the corresponding computing device was trusted), and indicates thatthe initiation computing device is one of the series. In an embodiment,the aggregated source information is transmitted at the same time theaccess request is transmitted, i.e., the destination computing devicesecurity component does not need to request the aggregated sourceinformation. Note that for any series in an embodiment, the series mayactually loop back on itself, thus a computing device may occupy morethan one location in the series.

FIG. 70 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem 7001 and an embodiment of a system 7002 for determining whetherto allow or deny access requests. In system 7001, a user 7005 uses acomputing device 7010 to initiate and originate the sending of an accessrequest 7045 to a destination computing device 7040 via intermediatecomputing devices 7020 and 7030. Computing devices 7010, 7020, and 7030are a series 7090 of computing devices communicating with each other vianetwork connections 7085 a, 7085 b, and 7015 c. Terminal computingdevice 7030 transmits access request 7045 to destination computingdevice 7040 and transmits source information (not shown) from securitycomponents 7035 a, 7035 b, and 7035 c to a destination computing devicesecurity component 7035 d. Initial computing device 7010 may be a clientcomputing device. Intermediate computing device 7020 may be a loadbalancing proxy. Intermediate computing device 7030 may be anapplication server. And destination computing device 7040 may be adatabase server. The description of system 6700 (FIG. 67) relating toaccess request 6745 originating from computing device 6710 applies tosystem 7001 with the addition of a second intermediate computing device.The description of system 6700 (FIG. 67) relating to source informationalso applies to system 7001 with the addition of a second intermediatecomputing device.

With system 7001, upon destination computing device 7040 receivingaccess request 7045, destination computing device security component7035 d determines whether to allow or deny access request 7045 based onthe information received from security components 7035 a-c regardingseries 7040. In an embodiment, destination computing device securitycomponent 7035 d allows access request 7045 if every computing device inseries 7090 is trusted, if access request 7045 originated within series7090, and if access request 7045 was initiated within the series 7090.In an embodiment, destination computing device security component 7035 dallows access request 7045 if every computing device in series 7090 istrusted, if access request 7045 originated within series 7090, if accessrequest 7045 was initiated within the series 7090, and if no computingdevice within series 7090 was being controlled by a computing device notincluded in series 7090.

In FIG. 70, in system 7002, a user 7007 uses a client computing device7050 to initiate the sending of an access request 7047 to thedestination computing device 7040 (e.g., a database server). Clientcomputing device initiates access request 7047, which originates on ajump host 7060. Client computing devices 7050 and jump host 7060 are aseries 7095 of computing devices in communication with each other vianetwork connection 7085 d. The terminal computing device, jump host 7060transmits access request 7047 to destination computing device 7040 andtransmits source information (not shown) from security components 7035 eand 7035 f to destination computing device security component 7035 d.Jump Host 7060 is running an application 7080. Application 7080 isperforming the access, i.e., application 7080 originates access request7047 on jump host 7080. Application 7080 may be, for example, a shellinterface invoked from a VNC application (a remote desktop application).Application 7080 is connected via network 7085 d to client computingdevice 7050. Client computing device 7050 may be running an application7070, which may be, for example, the client-side of a VNC applicationthat invoked application 7080. In the embodiment, destination securitycomponent 7035 d determines whether to allow or deny access request 7047based on an evaluation of whether the computing devices 7050, 7060,network connections 7085 d, 7085 e, and applications 7070, 7080 aretrusted. That is, as with systems 6700 (FIG. 67), 6800 (FIG. 68), and7001, all security components in the chain from initiating computingdevice 7050 to destination computing device 7040 provide sourceinformation to destination computing device security component 7035 d,which evaluates the source information to determine whether to allow ordeny access request 7047.

Upon destination computing device 7040 receiving access request 7047,destination computing device security component 7035 d then determineswhether to allow or deny access request 7047 based on the informationreceived from security components 7035 e-f regarding series 7095. In anembodiment, destination computing device security component 7035 dallows access request 7047 if every computing device in series 7095 istrusted, if access request 7047 originated within series 7095, and ifaccess request 7047 was initiated within the series 7095. In anembodiment, destination computing device security component 7035 dallows access request 7047 if every computing device in series 7095 istrusted, if access request 7047 originated within series 7095, if accessrequest 7047 was initiated within the series 7095, and if no computingdevice within series 7095 was being controlled by a computing device notincluded in series 7095. In an embodiment, security component 7035 dfurther requires that infrastructure devices of network connections 7085d and 7085 e be trusted and not be under the control of a computingdevice not included in series 7095.

In the embodiment, application 7080 may have been invoked on jump host7060 to allow, for example, maintenance on destination computing device7040, which may be, for example, a database server. Without more, i.e.,without security components 7035 e-f, destination computing device 7040would have limited information beyond the identity of jump host 7060.For example, without security components 7035 e-f, destination computingdevice 7040 may be limited to information contained in networkcommunications between destination computing device 7040 and initialcomputing device 7050, e.g., an IP address, and information in theprotocol data units, or in header information. In the embodiment, aninstance of the security component is instantiated on every computingdevice between user 7007 and destination computing device 7040, and alsoon destination computing device 7040 and these may provide securitycomponent 7035 d with source information from each computing device inthe series.

In an example, jump host 7060 is accessing destination computing device7040 and application 7080 is an SSH application. Without securitycomponents 7035 e and 7035 f destination computing device securitycomponent 7035 d would not have source information regarding the SSHsession, or the device on the other side of the SSH session. Thus,without security components 7035 e and 7035 f, the SSH application (orSSH daemon) would allow user 7007 to be on computing device 7050 (whichmay be compromised), using application 7070 (which may be compromised),connected over network 7085 d (which may not meet policy requirementsfor a secure connection).

In an embodiment, in addition to instances of the security componentbeing on every computing device between user 7007 and destinationcomputing device 7040, and also being on destination computing device7040, instances of the security component are instantiated on pieces ofnetwork infrastructure that are part of the route from the physicallocation of user 7007 to destination computing device 7040. That is, inthe embodiment, instances of the security component are alsoinstantiated on computing devices that are part of network connections7085 d and 7085 e and these network connection security componentsprovide source information just like any computing device in series 7090and 7095. Thus when destination computing device security component 7035d evaluates source information to determine whether to allow or denyaccess request 7047, the decision is based also on source informationfrom the network connection security components, e.g., the accessrequest is denied if source information indicates that a networkconnection is not trusted.

An embodiment provides a method for passing aggregated information, suchas source information, along with an access request. In the embodiment,aggregated information may be used to determine whether to allow anattempt to access a resource. The aggregated information may include,for example, user authentication information and source information, andsource information may include, for example, information about the stateof the initiating and originating computing devices, attributes oridentifies of applications being used in the access attempt, and similarinformation from any intermediate (“intervening” or “chained”)application or computing device that is part of the access attempt.

The aggregated information may be passed with the access request in anumber of ways, including, for example: as SAML security assertionextensions, as additional HTTP headers, or via a separate flow. In anfurther example, a single sign-on (SSO) provider (or Identity ServicesProvider) may piggyback the aggregated information onto an accessrequest (or responses), and security components on computing devices inthe access request chain may add their contributions to the aggregatedinformation in the SSO information flow.

Information may be aggregated at each device in an access request chain.For example, a first security component on a first computing devicerunning a first application may develop first source informationcontaining the security state of the first computing device and anidentifier of the first application and parameter information for thefirst application. This first source information may be passed with anaccess request to a second security component on a second computingdevice running a second application. The second security component mayaggregate the first source information with similar second sourceinformation and with the access request and pass the aggregate to adestination computing device. A destination computing device securitycomponent may then use the aggregated first and second sourceinformation to determine whether to allow or deny the access request.Furthermore, the aggregated information may be evaluated by any securitycomponent on any computing device or intervening network infrastructureas the aggregated information is transmitted between the first computingdevice and the destination computing device. In addition, such securitycomponents can reside as local device proxies (LDPs) on: the firstcomputing device, the second computing device, the destination computingdevice, and the intervening network infrastructure (e.g., router,firewall, appliance, etc.).

FIG. 71 is an exemplary block diagram illustrating an embodiment of asystem and method for determining whether to allow or deny a multi-pathconnection. An example of a multi-path connection is a multi-pathtransmission control protocol (MPTCP) connection. Applications of MPTCPinvolve tying together multiple network interfaces to communicate with,for example, a single application. MPTCP may present problems forsecurity analysis and protection because security solutions that rely onobserving or intercepting communications may fail when the securitysolution only gets to observe or intercept some of the packets involvedin a communication. In response to MPTCP-based issues an enterprise mayhave enacted policies or protocols. However, the enterprise may have toaddress devices (e.g., bring-your-own devices (BYODs)) that are used forpersonal activities. And the user of such a device might prefer that thepolicy or protocol did not get applied to the user's personal businessor activities. Thus, the enterprise may have to address devices (e.g.,bring-your-own-devices (BYODs)) that are used for personal business oractivities, and enterprise related activities, and potentially bothsimultaneously.

In the embodiment, in a system 7100, a local device proxy 7125 is usedto integrate multiple data flows into a single flow that may be observedand intercepted, and thereby secured, by a security component 7140. Inthe embodiment, multiple protocols are managed (e.g., integrated andsecured) by a computing device 7110 using local device proxy (LDP) 7125and security component 7140. Computing device 7110 may receive a requestfrom a second computing device 7120 to use both a first path TCPconnection 7135 through a virtual private network (VPN) 7130 and asecond path TCP connection 7145 to create a MPTCP connection 7155 to anapplication 7115. MPTCP connection 7155 is initiated from an application7160 on second computing device 7120. LDP 7125 may be in communicationwith security component 7140 on computing device 7110, either vianetworking communications or via inter-process communications or both.LDP 7125 and security component 7140 may determine the identity ofapplication 7160. Security program 7140 may then consult a database anddetermine whether application 7160 is an enterprise application or apersonal use application. If application 7160 is a dual-use application(e.g., application 7160 has both personal and enterprise utility),before MPTCP connection 7155 is allowed or completed, security component7140 determines from the request whether enterprise data is involved, ordetermines whether enterprise or personal credentials are being used.

To determine whether connection 7150 would or would not result inenterprise-related activity, security component 7140 may, for example,consult lists (on a database that is self-contained on computing device7110 or server located) of applications that are enterprise applicationsand of applications that are personal-use applications. In addition, itmay be determined that an application is running in an enterprisecontainer, which would make the application an enterprise application.In addition, it may be determined that an application reads fromenterprise data sources on the mobile device or is connected toenterprise cloud or network services, which would also make theapplication an enterprise application. In contrast, a dual useapplication may be used for personal or enterprise activity, anddetermining whether a particular use is enterprise or personal may, forexample, result from a determination of whether enterprise or personallogin credentials were used. For example, the e-mail application on adevice may have both personal and enterprise accounts that are used withthe same application. If so, a determination of “enterprise-relatedactivity” would result from a determination that the enterprise accountwas currently active.

If security component 7140, or LDP 7125 or a combination of the twodetermine that connection 7150 would not result in enterprise-relatedactivity (e.g., application 7160 is a personal-use application, or bothenterprise data is not involved and enterprise credentials are not beingused), then LDP 7125 allows completion of MPTCP connection 7150 (i.e.,via TCP option 30) and a related communication may be allowed to flowthrough LDP 7125.

If security component 7140, or LDP 7125, or a combination of the twodetermine that connection 7150 would results in enterprise-relatedactivity, then LDP 7125 may apply an enterprise policy regarding whetherto: allow the connection, allow and monitor the connection, forceno-MPTCP, or disallow the connection. As a local device proxy, LDP 7125may remove the multipath option from the originating TCP SYN packet toforce no-MPTCP. Or, LDP 7125 may completely block the connectionattempt. Or, LDP 7125 may allow MPTCP, but, because LDP 7125 has accessto the data for all TCP sub-flows of the MPTCP connection, may choose toforward the data that is being sent or received on TCP subflows that donot traverse the enterprise infrastructure to a local or remote securityprogram for possible security analysis, data loss prevention (DLP), orintrusion detection or prevention (IDP) activity. For example, LDP 7125may determine that connection 7150 would result in enterprise-relatedactivity based on information received from security component 7140regarding application 7160 or the context of usage of application 7160.

In an example, computing device 7110 is a mobile communications deviceand second computing device 7120 is a server. First path TCP connection7135 through VPN 7130 may allow TCP connection 7135 to be monitored orintercepted, which second path TCP connection 7145 (in this example adirect connection) does not. And, not being a VPN connection, TCPconnection 7145 is likely to not be fully encrypted. Computing device(for this example, mobile communications device) 7110 may be operatingunder an enterprise policy that allows certain communications only whenthe connection may be determined to be secure, for example, by beingencrypted or by being monitored or intercepted by security component7140, thus such communications are allowed on TCP connection 7135 butnot TCP connection 7145. Upon LDP 7125 determining that combined flowsfrom TCP connections 7135 and 7145 are being used by single application7115, LDP 7125 and security component 7140 are used to integrate andsecure the data flows over TCP connections 7135 and 7145 so that theyappear to mobile communications device 7110 as one single, secure dataflow as one data flow to application 7115.

In an embodiment, an LDP is a component with access to every packetflowing in a communication, in either direction. The LDP may inspect thepackets. The LDP may determine which packets are allowed to flowthrough. The LDP may modify or terminate the connection. LDPs may beimplemented using VPN APIs on, for example, a mobile communicationsdevice, or using other components that are hooking or replacing parts ofa network protocol stack in an application or in the operating system.And an application may be unaware that it received data from an LDP thatarrived using two different flows (e.g., VPN, and not VPN). In anembodiment, a security component may be directing the LDP's actions. Anda client may direct a first proxy manager and a second proxy manager ontwo types of data input flow.

In embodiments, computing devices and mobile communications devices mayinclude devices that are part of what has been called “the internet ofthings.” In the internet of things there are multiple devices whichoperate on their own, without accompanying and attendant users. Suchdevices may be mobile or sessile; they may have various sensors andcomputing and communication capabilities and may run applications;schematically they can be considered substantially similar to a mobilecommunications devices 901 and 3501. “Things” in the internet of thingsthemselves have context information, and can participate in a variety ofways in a context management system, as mobile devices 101 or as anexternal environment resource. They can be managed with active contextpolicies. Such “things” may have occasional interactions with theirowners or administrators, who may monitor the things or modify settingson these things. Such owners or administrators play the role of userswith respect to the “thing” devices as far as the context managementsystem is concerned.

In the description above and throughout, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of thedisclosure. It will be evident, however, to one of ordinary skill in theart, that the embodiments may be practiced without these specificdetails. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shownin block diagram form to facilitate explanation. The description of thepreferred an embodiment is not intended to limit the scope of the claimsappended hereto. Further, in the methods disclosed herein, various stepsare disclosed illustrating some of the functions of the embodiments. Onewill appreciate that these steps are merely exemplary and are not meantto be limiting in any way. Other steps and functions may be contemplatedwithout departing from this disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for sharing security risk responsesbetween a plurality of collections to improve the functioning of mobilecommunications devices associated with at least one collection based onthe shared security risk responses, the method comprising: accessing, bya server security component, a security database including a pluralityof security risk responses, each security risk response associated withat least one of the plurality of collections; identifying, by the serversecurity component, a first security risk response in the securitydatabase, wherein the first security risk response was implemented by atleast one of the plurality of collections; determining, by the serversecurity component from the security database, a first collectionassociated with the first security risk response; accessing, by theserver security component, a relationship database, the relationshipdatabase including collection profiles related to the sharing ofinformation between the plurality of collections; and, providing, by theserver security component, the first security risk response to a secondcollection when a first collection profile indicates that the firstcollection permits information related to the first security riskresponse to be provided to the second collection.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the first security response was initiated from a firstadministrator device associated with a first administrator of the firstcollection and wherein the providing the first security risk response tothe second collection includes providing the first security riskresponse to a second administrator device associated with a secondadministrator of the second collection.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the first security risk response was implemented in response toa first security risk type and wherein information related to the firstsecurity risk response includes information related to the firstsecurity risk type, the method further including: determining, by theserver security component from the security database information, athird collection, the third collection having implemented a secondsecurity risk response in response to the first security risk type;accessing, by the server security component, the relationship database;and, providing, by the server security component, the second securityrisk response to the second collection when a third collection profileindicates that the third collection permits information related to thesecond security risk response to be provided to the second collection.4. The method of claim 3, further including providing, by the serversecurity component, information related to the first security risk typeto the second collection, the information related to the first securityrisk type including statistical information relating to the prevalenceor propagation of the risk type, the statistical information derivedfrom the security database.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thesecurity database includes risk information acquired in part from devicesecurity components on mobile communications devices, wherein the mobilecommunications devices are associated with at least one collection ofthe plurality of collections, wherein the device security componentssend risk information related to security risk responses to the serversecurity component, and wherein the server security component isassociated with a platform, the platform associated with an entityseparate from any of the plurality of collections.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the accessing a relationship database includesaccessing, by the server security component, a relationship database,the relationship database including collection profiles related to thesharing of information between the plurality of collections, wherein thecollection profiles include collection attributes, the method furthercomprising: identifying, by the server security component frominformation related to the first security risk response in the securitydatabase, a set of response attributes of the first security riskresponse; and identifying, for the second collection, a set of secondcollection attributes that are similar to response attributes in thefirst response attribute set, wherein the providing, by the serversecurity component, the first security risk response to the secondcollection includes providing, by the server security component, thefirst security risk response to the second collection when the number ofidentified attributes in the second response attribute set equals orexceeds a threshold number and when the first collection profileindicates that the first collection permits information related to thefirst security risk response to be provided to the second collection. 7.The method of claim 6, wherein the response attributes includeattributes related to at least one of a risk, a mobile communicationsdevice, a collection, or a software, and wherein the collectionattributes include attributes related to at least one of a collection ofthe plurality, the mobile communications devices of a collection, or asoftware of the collection.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein theaccessing a relationship database includes accessing, by the serversecurity component, a relationship database, the relationship databaseincluding collection profiles related to the sharing of informationbetween the plurality of collections, wherein the collection profilesinclude collection attributes, the method further comprising:identifying, by the server security component from information relatedto the first security risk response in the security database, a set ofresponse attributes of the first security risk response; identifying,for the second collection, a set of second collection attributes thatare similar to response attributes in the first response attribute set;receiving, by the server security component, a response attribute valuefor each response attribute in the first response attribute set;assigning, by the server security component, a collection attributevalue to each of the attributes in the second response attribute set,wherein the collection attribute values are assigned to a secondcollection attribute based on the response attribute value of thesimilar corresponding response attribute in the first attribute responseset; summing, by the server security component, the assigned secondcollection attribute values; and wherein the providing, by the serversecurity component, the first security risk response to the secondcollection includes providing, by the server security component, thefirst security risk response to the second collection: when the sum ofthe assigned second collection attribute values equals or exceeds thethreshold number, and when the first collection profile indicates thatthe first collection permits information related to the first securityrisk response to be provided to the second collection.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the relationship database further includes relationshipinformation related to the sharing of levels of information between theplurality of collections, wherein the first security risk responseincludes information of a first level and information of a second level,and wherein providing, by the server security component, the firstsecurity risk response to a second collection includes providing, by theserver security component, the first level information to the secondcollection and not providing the second level information when the firstcollection profile indicates that the first collection permits the firstlevel information to be provided to the second collection and does notpermit the second level information to be provide to the secondcollection.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the identified firstsecurity risk response includes a response to a detected security riskevent, and wherein the detected security risk event was detected by adevice security component on a mobile communications device associatedwith the first collection.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein theidentified first security risk response includes a response to adetected security risk event, and wherein the detected security riskevent was detected by the server security component based on an analysisof the security database information.
 12. The method of claim 1, whereinthe second collection automatically implements the first security riskresponse.
 13. A method for sharing security risk responses between aplurality of collections to improve the functioning of computing devicesassociated with at least one collection based on the shared securityrisk responses, the method comprising: accessing, by a server securitycomponent, a security database including information useful fordetecting security risk events associated with mobile communicationsdevices; detecting, by the server security component based on thesecurity database information, a security risk event associated with atleast one mobile communications device, wherein the at least one mobilecommunications device is associated with a first collection; notifying,by the server security component, the first collection of the detectedsecurity risk event; determining, by the server security component, afirst security risk response of the first collection to the detectedsecurity risk event; accessing, by the server security component, arelationship database, the relationship database including collectionprofiles related to the sharing of information between the plurality ofcollections; and, providing, by the server security component, the firstsecurity risk response to a second collection when a first collectionprofile indicates that the first collection permits information relatedto the first security risk response to be provided to the secondcollection.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the notifying stepincludes the server security component providing a notification to afirst administrator device associated with a first administrator of thefirst collection, and wherein the first security risk response wasinitiated by the first administrator, and wherein the providing stepincludes the server security component providing the first security riskresponse to a second administrator device associated with a secondadministrator of the second collection.
 15. The method of claim 13,wherein the step of determining a first security risk response includesdetermining, by the server security component, the first security riskresponse of the first collection to the detected security risk eventbased on the server security component receiving a notice of the firstsecurity risk response.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the step ofdetermining a first security risk response includes determining, by theserver security component, the first security risk response of the firstcollection to the detected security risk event based on an analysis ofinformation in the security database.
 17. A method for sharing securityrisk responses between a plurality of collections to improve thefunctioning of mobile communications devices associated with at leastone collection based on the shared security risk responses, the methodcomprising: accessing, by a server security component, a securitydatabase including information useful for detecting security risk eventsassociated with mobile communications devices; determining, by theserver security component from the security database information, asecurity risk event detected by a device security component on a firstmobile communications device; determining, by the server securitycomponent from the security database information, a first collectionassociated with the first mobile communications device; accessing, bythe server security component, a relationship database, the relationshipdatabase including collection profiles related to the sharing ofinformation between the plurality of collections; determining, by theserver security component from a first collection profile, that thefirst collection permits information related to the detected securityrisk event to be provided to a first set of at least one collection ofthe plurality; providing, by the server security component, informationrelated to the detected security risk event to the first set;determining, by the server security component, a first security riskresponse to the detected security risk event from a second collection ofthe first set; accessing, by the server security component, therelationship database; and providing, by the server security component,information related to the first security risk response to a second setof at least one collection when the server security component determinesfrom the second collection profile that the second collection permitsinformation related to the first security risk response to be providedto the second set.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein providinginformation related to the detected security risk event to the first setincludes providing, for each collection of the first set, informationrelated to the detected security risk event to a computing deviceassociated with an administrator of the collection, and whereinproviding information related to the first security risk response to asecond set includes providing, for each collection of the second set,information related to the first security risk response to anadministrator of the collection.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein thestep of determining a first security risk response to the detectedsecurity risk event includes determining, by the server securitycomponent, the first security risk response of the second collection tothe detected security risk event based on an analysis of information inthe security database.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein thedetermined first security risk response was provided from the secondcollection to a set of available risk responses, the set of availablerisk responses being stored in the security database, and wherein thestep of determining a first security risk response includes accessingthe set of available risk responses.